HBV Infection – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment – All You Need to Know

HBV infection refers to the infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection that can become chronic and lead to long-term health problems, including liver damage, liver cancer, and even death. It is a major global health concern, with millions of people affected worldwide.

The hepatitis B virus is primarily transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. This can occur through sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, and from mother to baby during childbirth.

Once infected with HBV, a person may not experience any symptoms initially, or may only have mild symptoms that resemble the flu. However, the virus can cause severe liver damage over time, leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer.

Prevention of HBV infection includes vaccination, practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and routine screening of blood products. Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing serious complications and reducing the spread of the virus.

HBV infection: Causes and transmission

HBV, which stands for Hepatitis B virus, is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the HBV virus and can be transmitted in several ways.

Causes of HBV infection

HBV infection is primarily caused by the Hepatitis B virus, which is present in the blood and body fluids of infected individuals. The most common causes of HBV infection include:

• Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
• Sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected individual
• From mother to baby during childbirth
• Direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids

It’s important to note that HBV infection is not caused by casual contact such as hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food or drinks with an infected individual.

Transmission of HBV infection

HBV infection can be transmitted through various means. The most common modes of transmission include:

• Sexual contact: Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person can transmit the virus.
• Sharing needles: Using needles or other drug paraphernalia that has been contaminated with infected blood can lead to transmission.
• Vertical transmission: An infected mother can pass the virus to her baby during childbirth.
• Exposure to infected blood: Direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, such as through needlestick injuries or shared personal care items like razors or toothbrushes, can result in transmission.

It’s important to take preventive measures to reduce the risk of HBV infection. Vaccination against Hepatitis B is available and highly recommended, especially for those at higher risk, such as healthcare workers, individuals with multiple sexual partners, or those who use intravenous drugs.

HBV infection: Signs and symptoms

HBV infection, also known as hepatitis B, is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person.

Signs and symptoms of HBV infection

Some people with HBV infection may not experience any symptoms, while others may develop symptoms within a few months of being infected. Common signs and symptoms of HBV infection include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Joint pain
• Dark urine
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

In some cases, HBV infection can lead to chronic liver disease, which may cause long-term health problems such as liver cancer or liver failure.

What to do if you suspect you have HBV infection

If you are experiencing any of the signs and symptoms mentioned above and suspect that you may have HBV infection, it is important to see a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis. They may perform blood tests to check for the presence of the virus and determine the extent of the infection.

In the meantime, it is important to practice good hygiene and take precautions to prevent the spread of HBV infection to others. This includes practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and ensuring that any open wounds or sores are properly covered.

HBV infection: Complications

An HBV infection, also known as hepatitis B, can lead to several complications. Although many people with HBV infection do not experience any problems and recover completely, some individuals may develop complications due to the virus.

One of the most common complications of HBV infection is chronic hepatitis B, which occurs when the virus does not clear from the body within six months. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to liver cirrhosis, a condition where the liver becomes scarred and hardened, impairing its normal functioning. Liver cirrhosis can eventually progress to liver failure, which is a life-threatening condition.

Another possible complication of HBV infection is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer. Individuals with chronic hepatitis B are at an increased risk of developing HCC compared to those without the infection. Regular monitoring and screening for HCC are important for individuals with chronic HBV infection.

Additionally, HBV infection can cause acute liver failure, a severe condition in which the liver rapidly loses its ability to function. Acute liver failure requires immediate medical attention and may require a liver transplant in some cases.

HBV infection can also lead to extrahepatic manifestations, which are health problems that occur outside the liver. These can include kidney inflammation, blood vessel inflammation, and joint inflammation.

It is important for individuals with HBV infection to receive regular medical care and monitor for any signs of complications. Early detection and management of complications can help prevent further progression and improve outcomes.

HBV infection: Diagnosis

Diagnosing an HBV infection is an important step in managing and treating the condition. Various tests are available to detect the presence of the infection and determine its severity. Early diagnosis can help prevent complications and guide appropriate treatment decisions.

Medical History and Physical Examination

During a medical history and physical examination, your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and potential exposure to HBV. They will also perform a physical examination to assess the symptoms and signs of liver damage or jaundice.

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory tests play a crucial role in diagnosing an HBV infection. The most common tests include:

• Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test: This test detects the presence of HBV in the blood and is the primary screening test for HBV infection.

• Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) test: This test detects the presence of antibodies produced in response to HBV infection. It helps determine if the infection is current or if it occurred in the past.

• Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) test: This test measures the level of a viral protein that indicates active viral replication. It helps assess the infectivity and severity of the infection.

• Hepatitis B viral DNA test: This test measures the amount of viral DNA in the blood. It helps determine the stage of the infection and its response to treatment.

• Liver function tests: These tests evaluate the functioning of the liver and assess the severity of liver damage caused by the infection.

These tests may need to be repeated over time to monitor the progress of the infection and the effectiveness of treatment. Additionally, other imaging or diagnostic procedures, such as liver biopsy or ultrasound, may be recommended in certain cases to assess liver damage or detect complications.

Diagnosing an HBV infection involves a comprehensive evaluation of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of the infection.

HBV infection: Treatment options

When it comes to the treatment of HBV infection, there are several options available. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, such as the stage of the infection, the severity of the symptoms, and the overall health of the patient.

Antiviral therapy

Antiviral drugs are commonly used to treat HBV infection. These medications work by suppressing the replication of the virus in the body, which helps to reduce the viral load and prevent liver damage. Some of the commonly used antiviral drugs include lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir.

Interferon therapy

Interferon is a type of protein that is naturally produced by the body in response to viral infections. In some cases, interferon therapy may be recommended to treat HBV infection. This therapy involves injecting interferon into the body to help boost the immune response and reduce the viral load.

In addition to antiviral and interferon-based therapies, lifestyle changes can also help to manage HBV infection. These include avoiding alcohol, maintaining a healthy diet, practicing safe sex, and getting vaccinated against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B.

It is important to note that the effectiveness of treatment may vary from person to person, and it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for guidance and personalized treatment options.

HBV infection: Prevention methods

Preventing HBV infection involves a combination of vaccination, safe sex practices, and lifestyle choices. Here are some effective methods to prevent HBV infection:

Prevention Method	Description
Vaccination	Get vaccinated for HBV. The HBV vaccine is safe and effective in preventing the infection. It is recommended for all infants, healthcare workers, and individuals at risk of exposure to HBV.
Safe sex	Practice safe sex by using condoms correctly and consistently. This reduces the risk of transmission of HBV as well as other sexually transmitted infections.
Avoid sharing needles	Do not share needles or any equipment used for injecting drugs, steroids, or any other substances. This can help prevent the transmission of HBV and other bloodborne infections.
Avoid sharing personal items	Avoid sharing personal items such as toothbrushes, razors, or items that may have blood on them. This reduces the risk of transmission of HBV through blood or other bodily fluids.
Practice good hygiene	Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially before eating or handling food, after using the restroom, or after coming into contact with bodily fluids. Good hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of HBV and other infections.
Get regular check-ups	Regularly visit healthcare providers and get tested for HBV if you are at high risk. Early detection and treatment can help prevent the progression of the infection and reduce the risk of complications.

By following these prevention methods, you can reduce the risk of HBV infection and protect yourself and others from this potentially serious disease.

HBV infection: Vaccination

One of the most effective ways to prevent HBV infection is through vaccination. HBV vaccines have been developed to provide immunity against the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

What is HBV? HBV is a type of virus that infects the liver and can cause both acute and chronic infections. It is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. HBV can be spread through sexual contact, sharing needles and other drug paraphernalia, and from infected mothers to their babies during childbirth.

Vaccination against HBV is recommended for all infants, as well as for children and adults who are at risk of HBV infection. The vaccine is typically administered as a series of injections. The first dose is usually given shortly after birth, followed by additional doses at designated intervals. The vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against the virus.

It is important to complete the full course of vaccination for maximum protection. The vaccine has been proven to be safe and effective, with very few reported side effects. In some cases, a person may experience mild soreness at the injection site or a low-grade fever. These side effects are typically short-lived and resolve on their own.

HBV vaccination is especially important for individuals at higher risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people with multiple sexual partners, and individuals who use injectable drugs. It is also recommended for individuals planning to travel to regions where HBV is endemic or for those who are in close contact with an infected person.

In conclusion, HBV vaccination is a crucial step in preventing HBV infection. The vaccine is safe, effective, and widely available. By getting vaccinated, individuals can protect themselves and reduce the spread of HBV in the community.

HBV infection and pregnancy

HBV infection is a serious health condition that can affect pregnant women and their unborn babies. It is important for pregnant women to be aware of their HBV status and take necessary precautions to protect their health and the health of their babies.

Impact on pregnancy

HBV infection can have a significant impact on pregnancy. Pregnant women with HBV are at an increased risk of developing complications such as premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia. These complications can pose risks to both the mother and the baby.

Transmission to the baby

The risk of transmission of HBV from mother to baby is highest during childbirth. If a pregnant woman with HBV does not receive any preventive measures, there is a 90% chance that the baby will also become infected. However, proper medical interventions such as administering the HBV vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) to the baby within 12 hours of birth can greatly reduce the risk of transmission.

Prevention	HBV Vaccination
Pregnant women who are HBV-positive should consult with their healthcare provider about receiving the HBV vaccine.	The HBV vaccine is safe to administer during pregnancy and does not pose any risks to the baby.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis	If a pregnant woman with HBV gives birth, the baby should receive the HBV vaccine and HBIG within 12 hours of birth. This treatment can help prevent transmission of the virus from mother to baby.

HBV infection: Impact on the liver

HBV infection, caused by the hepatitis B virus, can have a significant impact on the liver. The liver plays a crucial role in the body’s overall health, as it is responsible for various important functions.

What is HBV infection?

HBV infection is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. It is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. The virus enters the liver and begins to multiply, leading to inflammation and damage to the liver cells.

Impact on the liver

HBV infection can have several impacts on the liver. Firstly, it can cause acute hepatitis, which is an inflammation of the liver that occurs shortly after the infection. Acute hepatitis can result in symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, jaundice, and abdominal pain.

In some cases, HBV infection can progress to chronic hepatitis, which is a long-term inflammation of the liver. Chronic hepatitis can lead to the development of liver fibrosis, where the liver becomes scarred and damaged. If left untreated, this can progress further to cirrhosis, a condition where the liver is severely scarred and can no longer function properly.

It is important to note that not all individuals with HBV infection will develop chronic hepatitis or other complications. The outcome of the infection can vary depending on various factors, including the person’s immune response to the virus.

Conclusion

HBV infection can have a significant impact on the liver, leading to acute or chronic hepatitis and potentially resulting in liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Early detection and timely medical intervention are crucial in managing the infection and preventing further liver damage.

HBV infection: Global prevalence

HBV infection, also known as Hepatitis B, is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be transmitted through blood or other body fluids. HBV infection is a global health problem with a significant impact on the general population.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about 257 million people living with chronic HBV infection worldwide. This means that approximately 3.5% of the global population is infected with HBV. The prevalence of HBV infection varies across different regions, with the highest rates found in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia.

HBV infection is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer. It is estimated that HBV infection is responsible for 80% of liver cancer cases globally. In addition, HBV infection is a leading cause of death worldwide, with approximately 887,000 deaths attributed to HBV-related liver diseases every year.

Prevention and control of HBV infection are essential to reduce the burden of this disease. Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent HBV infection. The WHO recommends that all infants receive the HBV vaccine, as well as individuals at high risk of HBV infection, such as healthcare workers, people living with HBV-infected individuals, and those who engage in high-risk behaviors.

In conclusion, HBV infection has a significant global prevalence and is a major public health concern. It is important to raise awareness about HBV and promote prevention strategies to reduce the transmission and impact of this infectious disease worldwide.

HBV infection: Risk factors

HBV infection, also known as hepatitis B, is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is transmitted through contact with infected blood or other body fluids.

Transmission

There are several risk factors that can increase the likelihood of contracting HBV infection:

• Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person
• Sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
• Being born to a mother who is infected with HBV
• Being exposed to infected blood or body fluids in a healthcare setting
• Having a job or lifestyle that involves frequent exposure to blood or body fluids

High-risk populations

Certain populations are at a higher risk of HBV infection:

• People who inject drugs
• Men who have sex with men
• People with multiple sexual partners
• Healthcare workers
• Infants born to infected mothers

Taking preventive measures, such as practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles, and getting vaccinated, can help reduce the risk of HBV infection.

HBV infection: Testing and screening

Testing and screening for HBV infection is crucial for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. HBV, which stands for hepatitis B virus, is a highly contagious virus that can cause liver infection and, if left untreated, can lead to serious health conditions such as liver cancer and liver failure.

There are several tests available to detect HBV infection:

Test	Description
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test	This test detects the presence of HBV surface antigen, which is the first sign of infection.
Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) test	This test detects the presence of antibodies produced in response to HBV infection.
Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) test	This test determines whether a person has developed immunity to HBV through vaccination or past infection recovery.
Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) test	This test measures the level of a protein produced by the virus during active replication.
Hepatitis B viral load test	This test measures the amount of the virus present in the blood, helping to monitor the progress of the infection and the effectiveness of treatment.

Screening for HBV infection is recommended for individuals at high risk, such as healthcare workers, people with multiple sexual partners, injection drug users, and infants born to HBV-infected mothers. Additionally, it is important to screen pregnant women to prevent perinatal transmission to their infants.

Early detection through testing and screening allows for timely intervention, such as vaccination for those who are susceptible, antiviral treatment for those who are infected, and appropriate follow-up care. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for guidance on HBV testing and screening to ensure proper management of the infection.

HBV infection: Stages and progression

What is HBV?

HBV, or hepatitis B virus, is a viral infection that affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic liver disease and can lead to serious health complications such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Stages of HBV infection

HBV infection can progress through different stages, and the severity of the infection varies depending on the stage. Understanding the stages of HBV infection is crucial for appropriate management and treatment.

1. Incubation period: After the initial exposure to the virus, there is an incubation period. During this time, the virus replicates within the body, but there are usually no noticeable symptoms. The incubation period can range from 30 to 180 days, with an average of 60-90 days.

2. Acute infection: This is the initial phase of HBV infection when symptoms start to appear. Symptoms can include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Most people recover from acute HBV infection within six months.

3. Chronic infection: If the body is unable to clear the virus within six months, the infection becomes chronic. In chronic HBV infection, the virus persists in the body for longer than six months and can lead to long-term liver damage. Chronic HBV infection may not cause any noticeable symptoms, but it can still cause liver inflammation and increase the risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Progression of HBV infection

If left untreated, chronic HBV infection can progress through different stages:

1. Chronic hepatitis: In this stage, there is ongoing liver inflammation, which can cause liver damage and scarring. The liver may still function relatively well during this stage, but there is an increased risk of developing liver cirrhosis.

2. Liver cirrhosis: With continued inflammation and liver damage, healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue. This scarring can lead to liver dysfunction and complications such as fluid accumulation in the abdomen, internal bleeding, and liver failure.

3. Liver cancer: Long-term inflammation and liver cirrhosis increase the risk of developing liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver cancer is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.

In conclusion, HBV infection can progress through different stages, starting from an incubation period to acute infection and potentially leading to chronic infection. If left untreated, chronic HBV infection can progress to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Early diagnosis, regular monitoring, and appropriate medical intervention are crucial in managing HBV infection and preventing its progression to severe liver disease.

HBV infection: Long-term management

Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) can lead to long-term complications if not properly managed. The long-term management of HBV infection involves a comprehensive approach that includes regular monitoring of liver function, antiviral therapy, lifestyle modifications, and vaccination.

Regular monitoring of liver function is necessary to assess the severity of HBV infection and to detect any signs of liver disease progression. This involves regular blood tests to measure liver enzymes, viral load, and liver panel markers. Based on the results of these tests, healthcare providers can determine the appropriate course of treatment.

Antiviral therapy is an integral part of long-term management for patients with HBV infection. Antiviral drugs can help suppress viral replication, reduce liver inflammation, and prevent the progression of liver fibrosis. The choice of antiviral medication depends on the patient’s individual characteristics and the stage of the disease.

Lifestyle modifications are important in managing HBV infection and reducing the risk of further liver damage. These can include avoiding alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding the use of illicit drugs. It is also essential for patients to prioritize the use of barrier methods during sexual activity to reduce the risk of transmission to their partners.

Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing HBV infection and its long-term complications. All individuals at risk of HBV infection, including healthcare workers, people with multiple sexual partners, and injection drug users, should receive the HBV vaccine. Additionally, close contacts of individuals with HBV infection should also be vaccinated to prevent transmission.

Long-term management strategies for HBV infection include:
– Regular monitoring of liver function
– Antiviral therapy
– Lifestyle modifications
– Vaccination

HBV infection: Support and resources

If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with HBV infection, it is important to know that you are not alone. There are many resources available to provide support, education, and guidance throughout your journey.

One of the most valuable resources is support groups, where individuals with HBV infection can connect with others who are facing similar challenges. These groups often provide a sense of community, understanding, and encouragement. They can also offer practical advice on managing symptoms, navigating healthcare systems, and dealing with the emotional impact of the disease.

Additionally, there are numerous online forums and websites dedicated to HBV infection. These platforms allow individuals to share their experiences, ask questions, and access accurate and up-to-date information. They may also provide educational materials, such as fact sheets, brochures, and videos, which can help you better understand HBV infection and its management.

Medical professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and counselors, can also be excellent sources of support. They can provide personalized guidance, answer your questions, and offer recommendations based on your specific needs and circumstances. They may also refer you to additional resources, such as social workers or mental health professionals, who can provide further support.

In some cases, financial assistance programs may be available to help individuals who are struggling with the costs associated with HBV infection. These programs can help cover the cost of medications, medical appointments, and other related expenses. It is important to reach out to healthcare providers and advocacy organizations to inquire about these programs and determine if you are eligible.

Finally, it is important to take care of your emotional well-being while managing HBV infection. This can involve practicing self-care activities, such as exercise, meditation, and stress-management techniques. It may also be helpful to lean on your support network, such as family and friends, for emotional support and encouragement.

Remember, having HBV infection does not define who you are. With the right support and resources, you can navigate this journey and live a fulfilling life.

HBV infection: Future research and developments

HBV infection remains a global issue, affecting millions of people worldwide. As research continues to unravel the complexities of the virus, there are several future developments and areas of research that hold promise in the fight against HBV infection.

1. Novel Antiviral Therapies

Current treatments for HBV infection, such as interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogs, can effectively suppress viral replication but are not curative. Future research aims to develop novel antiviral therapies that can achieve sustained virologic response and potentially eliminate the virus altogether. These therapies may include new classes of antiviral drugs or combination therapies targeting different stages of the viral life cycle.

2. Immunotherapeutic Approaches

Boosting the immune response against HBV is another area of active research. Immunotherapeutic approaches aim to enhance the body’s immune system to better recognize and eliminate infected liver cells. This may involve the development of therapeutic vaccines or the modulation of immune checkpoints to promote a more robust antiviral response.

3. Biomarkers for Disease Progression

Identifying reliable biomarkers for disease progression is crucial in determining appropriate intervention strategies. Future research aims to discover and validate biomarkers that can accurately predict the likelihood of developing chronic HBV infection, the risk of progression to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, and the response to antiviral therapies. These biomarkers may include genetic markers, viral factors, or specific host immune responses.

4. Viral Reservoirs and Persistence

HBV is known for its ability to establish a chronic infection and persist in the liver. Future research aims to unravel the mechanisms that allow the virus to evade the immune system and maintain viral reservoirs. Understanding these mechanisms may provide insights into developing strategies to eliminate these reservoirs and achieve a functional cure for HBV infection.

Research Area	Potential Impact
Novel Antiviral Therapies	Curative treatment options for HBV infection
Immunotherapeutic Approaches	Enhanced immune response and viral clearance
Biomarkers for Disease Progression	Improved prognosis and personalized treatment
Viral Reservoirs and Persistence	Potential for functional cure

Further research and collaborations are essential to advance these areas and ultimately improve the management and outcome of HBV infection.

Q&A:

What is HBV infection?

HBV infection, or hepatitis B virus infection, is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. It is one of the most common types of viral hepatitis.

How is HBV infection transmitted?

HBV infection is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. This can happen through sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, or from mother to baby during childbirth.

What are the symptoms of HBV infection?

The symptoms of HBV infection can vary, but they may include fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Some people with HBV infection may not have any symptoms.

Is there a vaccine for HBV infection?

Yes, there is a vaccine for HBV infection. The hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection and its complications. It is usually given as a series of shots.

What are the complications of HBV infection?

Complications of HBV infection can include chronic hepatitis B, which can lead to liver cirrhosis or liver cancer. Some people with chronic HBV infection may also develop liver failure.

What is HBV infection?

HBV infection stands for Hepatitis B virus infection. It is a viral infection that affects the liver and can cause both acute and chronic liver disease.

How is HBV infection transmitted?

HBV infection is primarily transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. This can happen through sexual contact, sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, or from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth.

What are the symptoms of HBV infection?

The symptoms of HBV infection can vary from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, muscle and joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark urine. However, some people infected with HBV may not have any symptoms at all.

How is HBV infection diagnosed?

HBV infection can be diagnosed by a blood test that checks for the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies. Other tests, such as liver function tests and a liver biopsy, may also be used to evaluate the extent of liver damage.

How is HBV infection treated?

Treatment for HBV infection depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Acute HBV infection usually does not require specific treatment, but supportive care may be given to relieve symptoms. Chronic HBV infection may require antiviral medications, such as interferon or antiviral drugs, to reduce viral replication and prevent liver damage.