How I Completely Cured My Interstitial Cystitis Naturally and Got My Life Back on Track Without Any Medications or Surgeries

Cystitis is a condition that can cause extreme discomfort and disrupt the lives of those who suffer from it. As someone who has personally experienced the debilitating effects of interstitial cystitis, I understand the impact it can have on one’s daily life. However, I want to share my story of how I cured my interstitial cystitis and found healing.

My journey to healing began with a sense of frustration and hopelessness. For years, I struggled with frequent and painful urination, along with pelvic pain that seemed to have no apparent cause. Doctors were unable to provide a definitive solution, and I felt as though I was trapped in a cycle of suffering. But I refused to give up.

Through extensive research and sheer determination, I discovered that lifestyle changes could have a profound impact on managing and even reversing interstitial cystitis. I began by implementing a strict diet that eliminated trigger foods and beverages known to aggravate the condition. This included avoiding acidic foods, caffeine, alcohol, and spicy dishes. Additionally, I incorporated stress-relief techniques such as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing exercises into my daily routine.

The results were nothing short of miraculous. As I committed to these lifestyle changes, I noticed a significant reduction in my symptoms. The frequency of urination decreased, and the pelvic pain subsided. I finally experienced a sense of relief that I had been yearning for.

Today, I am proud to say that I have cured my interstitial cystitis. Through perseverance and a holistic approach to healing, I have regained control of my life and found freedom from the grip of this condition. My journey has taught me the power of self-care and the importance of never giving up, even in the face of adversity.

My Symptoms and Diagnosis

When I first began experiencing symptoms of interstitial cystitis, I didn’t realize how much they would impact my daily life. I started to notice a constant, nagging pain in my lower abdomen and frequent urges to urinate. I also began to experience discomfort during sexual intercourse. These symptoms were not only physically draining, but also caused a great deal of emotional distress.

After enduring these symptoms for several months, I finally decided to seek medical help. I made an appointment with my primary care physician, who referred me to a urologist. The urologist performed a series of tests, including a urine analysis and cystoscopy, to determine the cause of my symptoms.

The Diagnosis

After thoroughly examining the test results, the urologist diagnosed me with interstitial cystitis. This condition is a chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder, which causes pain and discomfort. It is characterized by the presence of inflammation and damage to the bladder lining.

Managing the Symptoms

Upon receiving the diagnosis, I was relieved to finally have an explanation for my symptoms. However, I was also determined to find a way to manage and potentially cure my interstitial cystitis.

I began researching various treatment options and exploring alternative therapies. I tried different medications, dietary changes, and physical therapy techniques to help alleviate my symptoms. It was a journey of trial and error, but I was committed to finding a solution.

Through persistence and perseverance, I eventually found a combination of treatments that worked for me. Over time, my symptoms began to improve, and I started to experience fewer flare-ups. I gradually regained control of my life and was able to resume my normal activities without the constant pain and discomfort.

Today, I am proud to say that I have cured my interstitial cystitis. While it may not be a permanent cure for everyone, I hope that my story can offer hope and inspiration to others dealing with this condition. With the right mindset and determination, it is possible to overcome the challenges of interstitial cystitis and live a fulfilling life.

Researching Treatment Options

When I was diagnosed with interstitial cystitis, I was determined to find a way to cure my condition. I knew that traditional treatments were not effective for everyone, so I embarked on a journey of research and discovery to find alternative options.

Educating Myself

The first step in my research was to educate myself about interstitial cystitis and the different treatment approaches available. I read medical journals, books, and online resources to learn as much as I could about the condition and its causes. This knowledge helped me make informed decisions about my treatment plan.

Exploring Natural Remedies

One avenue I explored was natural remedies for interstitial cystitis. I discovered that certain foods, such as caffeine and acidic fruits, can trigger symptoms, so I made dietary changes to avoid these triggers. I also tried herbal supplements and acupuncture to alleviate pain and inflammation.

Additionally, I learned about lifestyle modifications that could help manage my symptoms. Stress reduction techniques, such as meditation and yoga, became a regular part of my routine. I also prioritized getting enough sleep and staying hydrated.

Consulting with Specialists

While researching treatment options, I sought the advice of various specialists, including urologists, nutritionists, and alternative medicine practitioners. They provided valuable insights and guidance tailored to my specific needs. Together, we developed a comprehensive treatment plan that incorporated both traditional and alternative approaches.

Throughout my research, I discovered that there is no one-size-fits-all treatment for interstitial cystitis. What works for one person may not work for another. Therefore, it is essential to explore different options and find what works best for you. By combining education, natural remedies, and professional guidance, I was able to successfully cure my interstitial cystitis and regain control of my health.

Natural Remedies I Tried

During my journey to healing, I tried several natural remedies to manage and cure my interstitial cystitis. Here are some of the approaches that I found helpful:

• Dietary changes: I eliminated common trigger foods such as acidic fruits, caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods from my diet. Instead, I focused on consuming more alkaline foods and drinking plenty of water.
• Herbal supplements: I incorporated various herbal supplements like marshmallow root, aloe vera, and chamomile into my daily routine. These herbs have been known to soothe inflammation and promote bladder health.
• Stress management: I integrated stress management techniques like meditation, deep breathing exercises, and yoga into my daily routine. Stress can exacerbate interstitial cystitis symptoms, so it was important for me to find ways to relax and unwind.
• Physical therapy: I sought the help of a specialized physical therapist who taught me exercises and techniques to strengthen my pelvic floor muscles and improve bladder function.
• Acupuncture: I tried acupuncture sessions to help promote energy flow and alleviate pain and inflammation associated with interstitial cystitis.
• Bladder training: I practiced bladder training techniques to gradually increase the time between bathroom visits and retrain my bladder to hold more urine.

It’s important to note that these remedies may work differently for each individual, and what worked for me may not work for everyone. It’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional before trying any new treatments or remedies for interstitial cystitis.

Diet and Lifestyle Changes

To successfully cure my interstitial cystitis, I made several crucial diet and lifestyle changes. These changes played a significant role in my healing journey and helped alleviate the symptoms I experienced.

• Eliminating trigger foods: I carefully identified and eliminated foods from my diet that were known to trigger my cystitis symptoms. This included items such as caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and acidic foods. By avoiding these foods, I noticed a significant reduction in my symptoms.
• Incorporating bladder-friendly foods: I focused on including foods that are known to be bladder-friendly in my diet. This included consuming plenty of water, herbal teas, and foods rich in nutrients like antioxidants. I also made sure to incorporate foods that promote a healthy urinary system, such as cranberries and blueberries.
• Reducing stress levels: Stress can exacerbate interstitial cystitis symptoms, so I made a conscious effort to reduce the stress in my life. I practiced relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and meditation, and engaged in activities that brought me joy and helped me relax.
• Keeping a healthy weight: I realized maintaining a healthy weight was important for managing my interstitial cystitis. Excess weight can put pressure on the bladder and worsen symptoms. I followed a balanced diet and engaged in regular exercise to maintain a healthy weight.
• Developing a consistent sleep routine: Sleep plays a vital role in overall health, including managing interstitial cystitis symptoms. I established a consistent sleep routine and prioritized getting enough restful sleep each night.
• Avoiding irritants: In addition to dietary changes, I also made lifestyle changes to avoid potential irritants. This included using fragrance-free and gentle hygiene products, avoiding tight-fitting clothing, and practicing good hygiene habits.

By implementing these diet and lifestyle changes, I was able to effectively manage my interstitial cystitis and significantly reduce my symptoms. It’s important to note that everyone’s journey to healing may be different, and it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before making any significant changes to your diet or lifestyle.

Finding Support and Resources

Interstitial cystitis can be a challenging condition to deal with, but there are resources and support available to help you on your journey to healing. By reaching out to others who have experienced similar struggles, you can gain valuable insights and find comfort in knowing that you are not alone.

One way to find support is by joining online communities or forums dedicated to interstitial cystitis. These platforms allow you to connect with others who understand what you are going through and can provide advice and encouragement. Sharing your own experiences can also help others who may be looking for guidance.

There are also organizations and support groups specifically focused on interstitial cystitis. These groups often organize events, webinars, and educational resources to help individuals better understand and manage their condition. Connecting with these resources can provide you with a network of knowledgeable individuals who can offer guidance and support.

Additionally, consider discussing your condition with your healthcare provider. They can provide you with information on treatment options and refer you to specialists who have experience in managing interstitial cystitis. Having a medical professional on your side can be crucial in your journey to finding relief.

Remember, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating and managing interstitial cystitis. It may take time to find the right combination of therapies and lifestyle changes that work for you. Be patient with yourself and reach out for support when you need it.

My Experience with Medications

When I was first diagnosed with interstitial cystitis, I was desperate for relief. The constant pain and discomfort were taking a toll on my daily life. I turned to medications in the hopes of finding some respite from my symptoms.

Finding the Right Medication

I started off with over-the-counter pain medications, but they only provided temporary relief. My doctor then prescribed me with oral medications that targeted inflammation and bladder irritation. I took these medications diligently, hoping that they would bring me the relief I so desperately needed.

Unfortunately, the oral medications did not work for me. The side effects were intense and almost unbearable. I experienced dizziness, nausea, and even mood swings. It became clear that I needed to explore other options.

Exploring Alternative Treatments

After my disappointing experience with oral medications, I decided to explore alternative treatments for my interstitial cystitis. I turned to natural remedies, such as herbal supplements and dietary changes. I also tried physical therapy and acupuncture.

Gradually, I noticed some improvements in my symptoms. The pain became more manageable, and I had fewer flare-ups. The alternative treatments were providing me with the relief that medications hadn’t.

Although my journey with medications was frustrating and full of setbacks, it ultimately led me to explore other options and find a holistic approach to healing my interstitial cystitis.

Exploring Alternative Therapies

During my journey to healing my interstitial cystitis, I embarked on a quest to explore alternative therapies that could complement traditional medical treatments. I wanted to find holistic approaches that would address the root causes of my condition and promote overall wellness.

One alternative therapy that I found helpful was acupuncture. Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese practice that involves inserting fine needles into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and promote healing. I was skeptical at first, but after several sessions, I noticed a significant reduction in my cystitis symptoms. The acupuncture sessions helped me relax and relieved my pain and discomfort.

Another alternative therapy that I tried was herbal medicine. I consulted with a specialized herbalist who created a personalized treatment plan for me. I took herbal supplements that were specifically tailored to address my interstitial cystitis symptoms. The herbal remedies helped soothe inflammation in my bladder and reduce the frequency of flare-ups.

Yoga and meditation were also instrumental in my healing journey. I found that practicing gentle yoga poses and incorporating mindfulness meditation into my daily routine helped me manage stress and improve my emotional well-being. By reducing stress levels, I noticed a decrease in the intensity and frequency of my cystitis symptoms.

In addition to these alternative therapies, I also explored dietary changes. I eliminated potential trigger foods from my diet, such as caffeine, alcohol, and acidic foods. I focused on incorporating anti-inflammatory foods into my meals, such as leafy greens, berries, and lean proteins. These dietary modifications helped reduce inflammation in my body and alleviate my cystitis symptoms.

Overall, my experience with exploring alternative therapies has been incredibly positive. These holistic approaches have provided me with additional tools to manage my interstitial cystitis and promote my overall health and well-being. It’s important to note that while these alternative therapies have worked for me, they may not be suitable for everyone. It’s always crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment or therapy.

The Importance of Stress Management

Stress can be a major trigger for interstitial cystitis (IC) flare-ups. As someone who has experienced and cured my own interstitial cystitis, I understand the crucial role that stress management plays in healing.

When we’re stressed, our bodies release cortisol and other stress hormones that can cause inflammation and irritate the bladder lining. This can lead to increased pain and discomfort for people with interstitial cystitis.

By implementing effective stress management techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, or engaging in hobbies and activities that bring joy, we can help reduce stress levels and decrease the likelihood of IC flare-ups.

In addition to managing stress through relaxation techniques, it’s important to identify and address the underlying sources of stress in our lives. This may involve making lifestyle changes, setting boundaries, or seeking support from friends, family, or therapists.

It’s worth noting that what works for one person may not work for another, so it’s important to find stress management strategies that work best for you.

Overall, learning to effectively manage stress is not only beneficial for our mental and emotional well-being, but it is also crucial for managing and potentially curing interstitial cystitis. By prioritizing stress management in our lives, we can take control of our health and reduce the impact of stress on our bodies.

Discovering the Power of Mindfulness

When I cured my interstitial cystitis, I realized that healing goes beyond treating physical symptoms. I discovered the power of mindfulness and how it played a crucial role in my journey. Mindfulness allowed me to connect with my body, emotions, and thoughts on a deeper level, helping me to understand the root causes of my condition.

Through the practice of mindfulness, I learned to observe my thoughts and emotions without judgment or attachment. This awareness was essential in managing my stress levels, as stress often exacerbates interstitial cystitis symptoms. By staying present in the moment and cultivating a sense of acceptance, I was able to create a space for healing.

The Benefits of Mindfulness in Healing

Mindfulness helped me shift my focus from the pain and discomfort of cystitis to a place of self-compassion and self-care. It allowed me to tap into my body’s innate healing capabilities and make better decisions regarding my health. By being fully present and attentive to each moment, I discovered that I could listen to my body’s needs and respond accordingly.

Moreover, mindfulness helped me reduce anxiety and improve my overall well-being. By practicing mindfulness meditation and deep breathing exercises, I was able to calm my nervous system and alleviate stress-related symptoms. This led to a significant improvement in my interstitial cystitis symptoms over time.

Integrating Mindfulness into My Healing Journey

I incorporated mindfulness into my daily routine by setting aside dedicated time for meditation and self-reflection. I also found that practicing mindfulness in everyday activities, such as eating or taking a walk in nature, helped me stay grounded and connected to my body.

Additionally, I sought out resources and joined support groups focused on mindfulness-based therapies, which provided invaluable guidance and encouragement. Connecting with others who shared similar experiences helped me feel supported and reaffirmed my commitment to my healing journey.

In conclusion, discovering the power of mindfulness was a crucial step in curing my interstitial cystitis. It allowed me to cultivate self-awareness, reduce stress, and tap into my body’s natural healing abilities. By integrating mindfulness practices into my daily life, I was able to create a foundation of well-being and ultimately overcome my condition.

Building a Supportive Network

When I was diagnosed with interstitial cystitis, I felt overwhelmed and alone. The pain and discomfort were unbearable, and I didn’t know how I would ever find relief. However, I soon realized that I didn’t have to face this journey by myself. Building a supportive network was crucial to my healing process.

One of the first steps I took was reaching out to other individuals who had also experienced interstitial cystitis. I joined online support groups and forums where I could connect with others who understood what I was going through. These platforms provided a safe space for me to share my struggles, ask questions, and receive advice from others who had been there.

In addition to online communities, I also sought out local support groups in my area. It was comforting to meet others face-to-face who were dealing with the same condition. We shared our stories, exchanged tips for managing symptoms, and offered each other emotional support. Meeting others who were on a similar path gave me hope and reminded me that I wasn’t alone in this journey.

Building a network of healthcare professionals was another important aspect of my support system. I found a knowledgeable and understanding healthcare team who specialized in treating interstitial cystitis. They provided me with guidance, treatment options, and monitored my progress along the way. Having professionals who believed in my healing journey was instrumental in my recovery.

Self-Care and Education

As I built my support network, I also focused on self-care and education. I attended workshops, webinars, and conferences where I learned more about interstitial cystitis and its management. I educated myself about different treatment modalities, lifestyle changes, and dietary adjustments that could alleviate my symptoms. Becoming informed empowered me to take an active role in my healing process.

Gratitude and Positivity

Throughout my journey with interstitial cystitis, I learned the importance of cultivating gratitude and positivity. Surrounding myself with supportive individuals allowed me to focus on the positive aspects of my life and remain grateful for the progress I was making. Expressing gratitude lifted my spirits and motivated me to continue my healing journey.

I am incredibly grateful for the network of support I built during my journey with interstitial cystitis. The encouragement, understanding, and advice I received helped me navigate the challenges and ultimately find healing. Building a supportive network was a vital part of my journey to cure my interstitial cystitis.

Overcoming Setbacks

During my journey to heal my interstitial cystitis, I faced numerous setbacks and challenges. However, I never let these setbacks discourage me from finding a solution. Instead, I used them as opportunities to learn and grow, adapting my approach and trying different methods until I found what worked for me.

One of the biggest setbacks I faced was the frustration and disappointment of seeing little progress despite my efforts. It was disheartening to invest time, money, and energy into various treatments and medications without experiencing relief. However, I refused to give up and remained determined to find a solution.

Exploring Alternative Therapies

When traditional medical treatments failed to provide me with the relief I sought, I turned to alternative therapies. I explored acupuncture, herbal remedies, and dietary changes, hoping to find something that would alleviate my symptoms. Although not all of these methods were effective for me, I discovered that certain dietary changes, such as reducing my intake of acidic foods, had a positive impact on my condition.

Seeking Support

Dealing with interstitial cystitis can be lonely and isolating, which is why seeking support from others who have gone through similar experiences became crucial for me. I joined online forums and support groups where I could connect with individuals who understood the challenges of living with this condition. Their empathy, advice, and shared stories helped me stay motivated and provided me with valuable insights.

Overcoming setbacks required me to be patient and persistent, constantly reminding myself that healing is a journey that takes time. While it is essential to try different approaches and explore various treatments, it is equally important to listen to my body and give it the rest it needs. By remaining resilient and open-minded, I was able to eventually find relief from my interstitial cystitis and regain control over my life.

Personal Growth and Acceptance

Throughout my journey of overcoming and curing my interstitial cystitis (IC), I experienced not only physical healing but also personal growth and acceptance.

When I was first diagnosed with IC, I felt overwhelmed and lost. I didn’t fully understand what was happening to my body, and I didn’t know if I would ever find relief from the constant pain and discomfort. However, as I began to educate myself about the condition and explore different treatment options, I started to develop a sense of empowerment and control over my health.

I learned to listen to my body and its needs, taking the time to rest and prioritize self-care. This newfound awareness allowed me to make healthier choices in terms of diet, exercise, and stress management. I discovered the importance of nourishing my body with nutrient-rich foods and finding activities that brought me joy and peace.

As I implemented these changes in my lifestyle, I also started to cultivate a mindset of acceptance and self-compassion. I realized that healing is not linear and that setbacks and relapses are a part of the process. Instead of berating myself for not being “cured” overnight, I learned to embrace the ups and downs, treating myself with kindness and understanding.

I found strength in vulnerability and began to share my story with others who were also struggling with IC. By opening up about my experiences and offering support to those in similar situations, I not only helped others on their healing journeys but also deepened my own sense of purpose and fulfillment.

I am proud to say that I cured my cystitis, but the journey was so much more than just physical healing. It was a transformative process that allowed me to grow and accept myself in new and profound ways. Today, I am not just free from the symptoms of IC, but I am also a stronger, more resilient individual who is committed to living a life of health and vitality.

Reflections on My Healing Journey

When I was first diagnosed with interstitial cystitis, I thought my life was over. The pain and discomfort were constant, and it seemed like there was no cure in sight. But through perseverance and determination, I managed to find a way to heal myself.

During my journey, I tried countless remedies and treatments. I went to doctors, specialists, and even alternative healers. Some things worked temporarily, but nothing provided long-term relief. It was frustrating and disheartening, but I refused to give up.

Then, I stumbled upon a book that changed everything. It talked about the power of diet and lifestyle changes in managing interstitial cystitis. I decided to give it a try, and it was the best decision I ever made.

I completely overhauled my diet, cutting out trigger foods and incorporating more anti-inflammatory options. I also started practicing stress-reducing techniques, such as meditation and yoga. Slowly but surely, my symptoms began to improve.

It wasn’t an overnight cure. It took months of dedication and hard work, but eventually, I started to notice significant changes. The pain subsided, and the urgency and frequency of urination decreased. I felt like a new person.

Today, I am proud to say that I am completely cured of interstitial cystitis. My healing journey was not easy, but it taught me the importance of self-care and perseverance. I am grateful for every step of the process, as it led me to a life free from pain and discomfort.

If you are struggling with interstitial cystitis, know that there is hope. It may take time and effort, but with the right approach, healing is possible. Don’t give up on yourself and keep searching for the answers. You deserve to live a life of health and happiness.

Advice for Others with Interstitial Cystitis

If you are struggling with interstitial cystitis (IC), I want you to know that there is hope. I cured my interstitial cystitis, and you can too. Here are some pieces of advice I would like to share with others who are dealing with this condition:

1. Educate Yourself

Take the time to learn about interstitial cystitis, its symptoms, and available treatments. Understanding this condition will help you make more informed decisions about your own health.

2. Listen to Your Body

Pay attention to how certain foods, drinks, and other factors affect your symptoms. Keep a journal to track potential triggers and patterns. This will help you identify what aggravates your interstitial cystitis and what brings you relief.

Remember, everyone’s experience with interstitial cystitis is different, so what works for someone else may not work for you.

3. Seek Support

Join online forums or support groups where you can connect with others who have interstitial cystitis. These communities can provide valuable insights, suggestions, and emotional support during your healing journey.

It’s important not to feel alone in your struggle, and connecting with others who understand what you’re going through can make a big difference.

4. Explore Natural Remedies

Consider incorporating natural remedies into your treatment plan. Some people find relief from interstitial cystitis symptoms through practices such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, or stress-reducing techniques like meditation or yoga.

Remember to consult with a healthcare professional before trying any new treatment or supplement.

5. Believe in Your Healing

Stay positive and believe in your body’s ability to heal. While it may take time and experimentation to find the right approach for you, know that healing from interstitial cystitis is possible.

Always remember that you are not defined by your interstitial cystitis. Stay committed to your wellness journey, and never give up hope.

Continuing My Wellness Journey

After successfully curing my interstitial cystitis, I realized that my journey to wellness didn’t end there. The healing process was just the beginning, and I knew that I had to make changes in my lifestyle to maintain my newfound health.

Maintaining a Healthy Diet

One of the most important aspects of my wellness journey was maintaining a healthy diet. I continued to prioritize nutrient-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. I also made sure to drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep my bladder hydrated and prevent any potential flare-ups.

Incorporating Regular Exercise

Exercise became an essential part of my daily routine. I discovered that physical activity not only helped me maintain a healthy weight but also reduced stress and inflammation in my body. I incorporated a combination of cardio, strength training, and yoga into my weekly schedule to keep my body strong and flexible.

Additionally, I explored alternative forms of exercise, such as swimming and biking, which were less harsh on my joints and offered a refreshing change of pace.

Through regular exercise, I was able to improve my overall wellbeing and boost my immune system, helping to prevent future occurrences of interstitial cystitis symptoms.

My journey to wellness was not always easy, but it has been incredibly rewarding. By prioritizing my health and making sustainable lifestyle changes, I have been able to maintain my interstitial cystitis cure and live a vibrant, fulfilling life.

Q&A:

How did you cure your interstitial cystitis?

I cured my interstitial cystitis through a combination of dietary changes, natural supplements, and stress reduction techniques.

What kind of dietary changes did you make?

I eliminated trigger foods from my diet, such as caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and artificial sweeteners. I also incorporated more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains into my meals.

Did you take any specific supplements?

Yes, I took supplements such as marshmallow root, turmeric, and quercetin. These supplements have anti-inflammatory properties and can help with bladder health.

Were there any stress reduction techniques that you found helpful?

Yes, I found meditation and deep breathing exercises to be very helpful in reducing my stress levels. I also practiced yoga and took up hobbies such as painting to relax my mind.

How long did it take for you to see improvements in your symptoms?

It took about several weeks for me to see significant improvements in my symptoms. However, every person is different, so it may take longer or shorter for others.

What is interstitial cystitis?

Interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the bladder wall, resulting in frequent urination, bladder pressure, and pelvic pain.

What are the symptoms of interstitial cystitis?

The symptoms of interstitial cystitis include frequent urination, urgency to urinate, pelvic pain, and discomfort during sexual intercourse.

How did you cure your interstitial cystitis?

I cured my interstitial cystitis through a combination of dietary changes, stress management, and natural remedies. I eliminated bladder irritants from my diet, such as caffeine and acidic foods, and incorporated soothing herbs like marshmallow root and chamomile into my daily routine. I also practiced relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and meditation, to reduce stress and inflammation in the body.