Is Urine Infection Harmful?

Urine infection, also known as urinary tract infection (UTI), is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While it may not be a pleasant topic to discuss, it is important to understand the potential dangers associated with this infection. UTIs occur when bacteria, usually from the digestive tract, enter the urethra and multiply in the urinary tract. If left untreated, these infections can lead to various complications.

But just how bad can a urine infection be? In most cases, UTIs are not considered life-threatening. However, they can cause significant discomfort and pain. Symptoms of a UTI may include frequent urination, a burning sensation during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and pelvic pain. If the infection spreads to the kidneys, more serious symptoms such as fever, chills, and back pain may occur.

While mild UTIs can often be treated with antibiotics, recurrent or untreated infections can have more serious consequences. In some cases, untreated UTIs can lead to kidney damage or even sepsis, a life-threatening condition. Therefore, it is crucial to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a urine infection. Your healthcare provider can help determine the cause and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Understanding Urinary Tract Infections

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition that occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract and multiply, causing an infection. The urinary tract includes the bladder, kidneys, ureters, and urethra.

UTIs can occur in both men and women, but they are more common in women. This is because the urethra in women is shorter than in men, making it easier for bacteria to enter the urinary tract. Sexual activity, pregnancy, and the use of certain types of contraceptives can also increase the risk of developing a UTI.

Symptoms of a UTI can include pain or a burning sensation during urination, frequent urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and a feeling of urgency to urinate. In severe cases, a UTI can cause fever, chills, and back pain.

If left untreated, a UTI can lead to more serious complications, such as kidney infections. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a UTI, as prompt treatment with antibiotics can help to clear the infection and prevent complications.

Prevention is key when it comes to UTIs. Drinking plenty of water, urinating frequently, and wiping from front to back after using the toilet can help to reduce the risk of developing a UTI. It is also important to practice safe hygiene and avoid irritating substances, such as scented soaps or bubble baths.

In conclusion, understanding urinary tract infections is important in order to recognize the symptoms and seek prompt treatment. By taking preventative measures, you can reduce your risk of developing a UTI and maintain good urinary tract health.

Causes of Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract and multiply. The most common cause of UTIs is the presence of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), in the urethra. E. coli is naturally found in the digestive tract and can easily spread to the urinary tract.

Other possible causes of UTIs include:

Sexual activity: Sexual intercourse can introduce bacteria into the urethra, increasing the risk of infection.
Urinary catheters: People who use urinary catheters, such as those with urinary incontinence or those undergoing medical procedures, are more susceptible to UTIs.
Blockages in the urinary tract: Kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can obstruct the urinary flow, creating an environment for bacteria to grow.
Weak immune system: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with diabetes or HIV, are more prone to urinary tract infections.
Unhygienic habits: Poor personal hygiene, such as not wiping correctly after using the toilet, can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract.

It is important to note that UTIs are not typically caused by holding in urine or by regularly using public toilets. While these actions can cause discomfort and increase the risk of infection, they are not direct causes of urinary tract infections.

To reduce the risk of UTIs, it is recommended to drink plenty of water, practice good hygiene, and urinate before and after sexual intercourse. It is also important to seek medical attention if symptoms of a UTI, such as frequent urination, burning sensation, or cloudy urine, occur.

Common Symptoms of Urine Infection

Urine infection, also known as a urinary tract infection (UTI), can cause a variety of unpleasant symptoms. Recognizing these symptoms is important for early detection and treatment. Here are some common symptoms of urine infection:

Symptom	Description
Painful urination	Experiencing a burning or stinging sensation while urinating.
Frequent urination	Needing to urinate more often than usual.
Urgency	Feeling a strong need to urinate immediately.
Cloudy or strong-smelling urine	Noticing changes in the color or odor of your urine.
Lower abdominal pain	Experiencing discomfort or pain in the lower part of the abdomen.
Feeling tired or shaky	Experiencing fatigue or tremors due to the infection.
Fever	Having an elevated body temperature.

If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. Ignoring urine infection can lead to complications, so seeking medical attention is crucial.

Risks and Complications Associated with Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can have various risks and complications if left untreated or not managed properly. These infections occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract, leading to inflammation and symptoms such as pain, burning sensation, and frequent urination.

1. Kidney Infection

If a urinary tract infection spreads to the kidneys, it can lead to a more serious condition called pyelonephritis or kidney infection. This can cause severe pain in the back or side, along with high fever, chills, and nausea. Kidney infections require prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics to prevent complications.

2. Recurrent UTIs

Some individuals may experience recurrent UTIs, where they have multiple urinary tract infections within a short span of time. This can be a result of underlying conditions such as kidney stones, urinary tract abnormalities, or weakened immune system. Recurrent UTIs can be challenging to manage and may require further medical investigation for proper treatment.

3. Sepsis

In rare cases, severe urinary tract infections can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition. Sepsis occurs when the infection spreads throughout the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response. Symptoms of sepsis include high fever, rapid heartbeat, confusion, and difficulty breathing. Immediate medical attention is crucial in such cases to prevent organ damage or failure.

4. Complications in Pregnant Women

Urinary tract infections can pose specific risks to pregnant women. If left untreated, these infections can increase the risk of preterm labor and low birth weight. Pregnant women with UTIs should seek medical advice and proper treatment to prevent any complications that might affect both the mother and the baby.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a urinary tract infection, especially if you experience severe symptoms or have a history of recurrent infections. Managing UTIs promptly and effectively can help prevent these risks and complications and ensure a healthy urinary system.

When to Seek Medical Attention for a Urine Infection

If you experience symptoms of a urine infection, it is important to seek medical attention. While most urine infections are not serious and can be easily treated, some can be bad and require prompt medical intervention.

If you have a urine infection, you may experience symptoms such as a frequent urge to urinate, a burning sensation when urinating, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and lower abdominal pain. These symptoms may indicate an infection in your urinary tract, which can cause discomfort and inconvenience. However, it is important to note that not all urinary symptoms are necessarily caused by a urine infection, as other conditions can also produce similar symptoms.

If your symptoms persist for more than a few days, worsen over time, or are accompanied by high fever, severe back or side pain, blood in the urine, or vomiting, it is important to seek immediate medical attention. These symptoms can indicate a more severe infection or a complication, such as a kidney infection, which may require medical intervention.

While waiting to see a healthcare professional, it can be helpful to drink plenty of water and avoid irritants, such as caffeine and alcohol, that can aggravate urinary symptoms. However, it is important to remember that self-treatment is not a substitute for professional medical care.

When in doubt, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional. They can evaluate your symptoms, perform necessary tests, and prescribe appropriate treatment to help alleviate your symptoms and prevent any potential complications.

In conclusion, if you are experiencing symptoms of a urine infection that persist or worsen, or if you have severe symptoms such as high fever or blood in the urine, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosing a Urinary Tract Infection

When it comes to diagnosing a urinary tract infection (UTI), a urine test is essential. This simple test helps confirm the presence of bacteria in the urinary system, indicating an infection.

A urine sample will be collected and analyzed in a laboratory. The presence of a high count of bacteria in the urine, along with the presence of white blood cells, indicates a possible UTI.

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory tests for a UTI include:

Urine Culture: This test identifies the specific type of bacteria causing the infection, allowing for targeted treatment.
Urinalysis: This test examines the physical and chemical properties of the urine, looking for signs of infection or other abnormalities.

It is important to note that a urine test alone may not be sufficient to diagnose a UTI. In some cases, additional tests such as imaging tests (ultrasound or CT scan) or cystoscopy may be required to evaluate the urinary tract for any structural abnormalities or blockages that could contribute to recurrent or severe infections.

Seeking Medical Attention

If you suspect you have a UTI, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. A healthcare professional can perform the necessary tests to diagnose and treat the infection. Delaying treatment could lead to complications or the spread of the infection to the kidneys, which can be more serious.

Remember, a urine infection is not something to ignore or underestimate its impact on your health. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are key to preventing complications and promoting a healthy urinary system.

Treatment Options for Urinary Tract Infections

If you are experiencing symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI), it is important to seek medical treatment as soon as possible. While urine infections are not typically life-threatening, they can cause discomfort and lead to more serious complications if left untreated.

Antibiotics

The primary treatment for a urinary tract infection is a course of antibiotics. These medications work to kill the bacteria causing the infection and relieve symptoms. The specific antibiotic prescribed will depend on the type of bacteria present in the urine sample and the patient’s medical history.

It is crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by the healthcare provider, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. This helps ensure that all the bacteria are eradicated and reduces the risk of recurrence.

Fluid Intake

In addition to taking antibiotics, increasing fluid intake is also recommended as part of the treatment for a urine infection. Drinking plenty of water helps flush out the bacteria from the urinary tract and promotes healing.

Avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods is also recommended, as these can irritate the bladder and worsen symptoms. Opt for water, herbal teas, and non-caffeinated beverages to stay hydrated.

Urinalysis and Follow-Up

After completing the course of antibiotics, a follow-up urinalysis may be recommended to ensure the infection has been successfully treated. This involves taking another urine sample to check for the presence of bacteria or other abnormalities.

If the symptoms persist or the infection recurs, further medical evaluation may be necessary to identify any underlying causes or complications requiring additional treatment.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of a urinary tract infection. Self-diagnosis and self-medication may lead to inappropriate treatment and potential complications.

Preventive Measures to Reduce the Risk of Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common bacterial infection that affects the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, and kidneys. While UTIs can be treated with antibiotics, it is always better to prevent the infection from occurring in the first place. Here are some preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of urinary tract infections:

1. Stay hydrated	Drinking plenty of water can help flush out bacteria and prevent their growth in the urinary tract. Aim to drink at least 8 glasses of water a day.
2. Practice good hygiene	Wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from the anal area from spreading to the urethra. Additionally, wash the genital area with mild soap and water regularly.
3. Urinate frequently	Make sure to empty your bladder regularly, as holding urine for long periods can increase the risk of UTIs. Don’t rush when urinating and try to fully empty the bladder.
4. Avoid irritating substances	Avoid using perfumed products, such as bubble baths, powders, and sprays, near the genital area, as they can irritate the urethra and increase susceptibility to infections.
5. Wear breathable underwear	Choose underwear made from cotton or other breathable materials to allow proper airflow and reduce moisture in the genital area, which can create an environment for bacterial growth.
6. Empty your bladder before and after sexual activity	Urinating before and after sexual activity can help flush out any bacteria that may have entered the urethra during intercourse, reducing the risk of UTIs.
7. Avoid holding in urine	Try to avoid holding in urine for long periods, as it can increase the risk of UTIs by allowing bacteria to multiply in the urinary tract. Use the bathroom when you feel the need to urinate.

By following these preventive measures, you can lower your risk of urinary tract infections and maintain a healthier urinary system.

Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections can be uncomfortable and inconvenient, but there are several home remedies that can help alleviate symptoms and promote healing.

1. Drink plenty of water: Increasing your water intake can help flush out bacteria and toxins from your urinary tract. Aim to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water a day.

2. Cranberry juice: Cranberry juice is known for its ability to prevent urinary tract infections. It contains compounds that can prevent bacteria from attaching to the walls of the urinary tract. Drink unsweetened cranberry juice regularly to reduce the risk of infection.

3. Avoid irritants: Certain foods and beverages can irritate the bladder and worsen urinary tract infections. Avoid caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and citrus fruits until the infection clears up.

4. Warm compress: Applying a warm compress to the lower abdomen can help alleviate pain and discomfort caused by a urinary tract infection. Use a hot water bottle or a heating pad for 15-20 minutes at a time.

5. Probiotics: Probiotics help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the body, including the urinary tract. Consuming probiotic-rich foods like yogurt or taking supplements can help prevent and treat urinary tract infections.

6. Garlic: Garlic has natural antibacterial properties that can help fight off urinary tract infections. You can eat raw garlic or take garlic supplements to boost your immune system and promote healing.

7. Avoid holding urine: Holding urine can lead to bacterial buildup and increase the risk of infection. Make sure to empty your bladder regularly and completely to prevent urinary tract infections.

While these home remedies can be effective in mild cases, it is important to consult a healthcare professional if the symptoms persist or worsen. They can provide proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment.

Dietary Changes to Support Urinary Tract Health

Adopting certain dietary changes can be beneficial in supporting urinary tract health and preventing bad urinary tract infections.

1. Increase Water Intake

Drinking an adequate amount of water daily is crucial for maintaining urinary tract health. Inadequate hydration can lead to concentrated urine, which increases the risk of infection. Aim to drink at least 8 glasses of water per day to promote proper urine flow and flush out bacteria.

2. Consume Cranberry Products

Cranberries contain compounds that can help prevent bad urinary tract infections. Consuming cranberry juice, cranberry capsules, or fresh cranberries can help inhibit the attachment of bacteria to the urinary tract walls, reducing the risk of infection. However, it’s important to choose cranberry products without added sugars, as sugar can worsen the infection.

In addition to these specific dietary changes, it’s also important to maintain a healthy and balanced diet overall. Including a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can provide essential nutrients that support overall urinary tract health and boost the immune system.

Urinary Tract Infections and Pregnancy

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be a common occurrence during pregnancy. These infections occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract, leading to symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine.

Pregnant women are more susceptible to UTIs due to hormonal changes and the pressure exerted on the bladder by the growing uterus. Additionally, the increased levels of progesterone during pregnancy can relax the muscles of the urinary tract, making it easier for bacteria to travel up to the kidneys.

It is important to promptly treat UTIs during pregnancy to prevent complications. If left untreated, the infection can spread to the kidneys and potentially cause preterm labor or low birth weight. It may also increase the risk of developing a kidney infection, which can be a more serious condition.

To diagnose UTIs in pregnant women, a urine sample is typically collected and tested for the presence of bacteria. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat the infection, but it is important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine which antibiotics are safe for use during pregnancy.

Prevention is key when it comes to UTIs during pregnancy. Drinking plenty of water, urinating frequently, and practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of developing an infection. It is also important to wipe from front to back after using the restroom to prevent bacteria from the anal region from spreading to the urinary tract.

If you suspect you have a UTI during pregnancy, it is important to seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment to ensure the health and safety of both you and your baby.

Urinary Tract Infections in Children

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children, and they can be caused by various bacteria and viruses. UTIs occur when bacteria or viruses enter the urinary tract, leading to infection. While UTIs are often not serious and can be easily treated with antibiotics, it is still important to seek medical attention for a child with a UTI.

Symptoms of UTIs in Children

Some common symptoms of UTIs in children include:

Frequent urination
Pain or discomfort during urination
Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
Abdominal or back pain
Fever
Irritability or fussiness

If your child has any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment and Prevention

UTIs in children are typically treated with antibiotics to help clear the infection. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by the healthcare professional to ensure the infection is completely eliminated. In addition to medication, it is important to encourage your child to drink plenty of fluids to help flush out the bacteria.

Preventing UTIs in children can be done by encouraging good hygiene practices, such as teaching them to wipe from front to back after using the toilet. It is also important to encourage regular bathroom breaks, as holding in urine for long periods of time can increase the risk of UTIs. Additionally, ensuring your child stays hydrated by drinking enough fluids can also help prevent UTIs.

Overall, while UTIs in children can be uncomfortable and cause temporary discomfort, they are typically not harmful and can be easily treated with proper medical intervention. If your child has any symptoms of a UTI, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The Link Between Urinary Tract Infections and Kidney Health

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common type of infection that can occur in the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, and urethra. While UTIs are generally not considered harmful, if left untreated or not properly managed, they can lead to more serious complications, especially when it comes to kidney health.

How UTIs can impact kidney health

UTIs typically begin in the lower urinary tract, such as the bladder or urethra, and can spread to the kidneys if not treated promptly. When the infection reaches the kidneys, it can cause a condition known as pyelonephritis, which is a kidney infection. Pyelonephritis can result in damage to the kidneys and potentially lead to complications such as kidney scarring, abscess formation, or even kidney failure if left untreated.

Furthermore, UTIs can also increase the risk of developing kidney stones. The infection can alter the chemical composition of urine, leading to the formation of crystals that may eventually develop into kidney stones. Kidney stones can cause significant pain and may require medical intervention to remove.

Preventing UTIs for better kidney health

Preventing UTIs is crucial for maintaining good kidney health. Here are some tips to reduce the risk of getting a UTI:

1.	Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
2.	Urinate regularly and empty your bladder completely.
3.	Wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from entering the urethra.
4.	Avoid using irritating feminine products or douches.
5.	Clean the genital area before and after sexual activity.
6.	Wear breathable cotton underwear and avoid tight-fitting clothing that can trap moisture.
7.	Take showers instead of baths, and avoid sitting in hot tubs for extended periods of time.
8.	Avoid holding in urine for long periods and urinate as soon as you feel the urge.
9.	Avoid excessive consumption of caffeine and alcohol, which can irritate the bladder.
10.	Consult with a healthcare professional if you have recurring UTIs or other urinary symptoms.

By following these preventive measures, you can decrease the risk of developing UTIs and help maintain optimal kidney health.

Urinary Tract Infections in Men

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are commonly associated with women, but they can also affect men. An infection in the urinary tract occurs when bacteria enter the urinary system, causing inflammation and discomfort. In men, UTIs are less common than in women, but they can still occur and cause health complications.

One common cause of UTIs in men is an enlarged prostate, which can restrict the flow of urine and contribute to the growth of bacteria. Other risk factors for UTIs in men include older age, diabetes, kidney stones, and a weakened immune system.

Symptoms of a UTI in men may include frequent urination, a burning sensation during urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and pain in the lower abdomen or back. If left untreated, a UTI can lead to more serious complications, such as a kidney infection.

Treatment for UTIs in men typically involves a course of antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare professional to ensure that the infection is fully eradicated.

To help prevent UTIs in men, it is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing the genital area regularly and thoroughly. Drinking plenty of water and urinating frequently can also help flush out bacteria from the urinary tract.

If you experience symptoms of a UTI, it is important to see a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment. Urinary tract infections in men should not be ignored, as they can lead to more serious health complications if left untreated.

Urinary Tract Infections and Sexual Activity

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can occur when bacteria enter the urinary system, causing discomfort and potential health problems. While UTIs are fairly common and can affect anyone, some individuals may be more prone to developing them after sexual activity.

The Link Between Sexual Activity and UTIs

Engaging in sexual activity can increase the risk of developing a urinary tract infection. This is because during sexual intercourse, bacteria from the genital area, including the anus, can be pushed into the urethra, leading to an infection.

In women, the urethra is shorter and located closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to enter the urinary tract. This is why women may experience more UTIs than men, especially after sexual intercourse.

Prevention and Management

To reduce the risk of developing a UTI after sexual activity, it is important to practice good hygiene. This includes urinating before and after intercourse, which helps flush out any bacteria that may have entered the urethra.

It is also recommended to wash the genital area before and after sexual activity, as well as using comfortable underwear made from breathable materials. Avoid using irritating products, such as scented soaps or douches, as they can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the genital area.

If a UTI does occur after sexual activity, it is important to seek medical attention and undergo appropriate treatment. UTIs can be easily treated with antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Conclusion:

While sexual activity does increase the risk of urinary tract infections, it is important to note that UTIs are not inherently bad or harmful. With proper hygiene practices and prompt treatment, UTIs can be managed effectively.

Remember to take care of your urinary health by staying hydrated, practicing good hygiene, and seeking medical attention when necessary.

Myths and Facts about Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections, commonly referred to as UTIs, can cause discomfort and pain if left untreated. However, there are several myths and misconceptions surrounding UTIs that need to be debunked. Here are some common myths and the facts behind them:

Myth 1: Only women can get urinary tract infections.

This is a common misconception. While it is true that women are more prone to UTIs due to their anatomy, men can also get urinary tract infections. In fact, men are more likely to develop UTIs if they have an enlarged prostate or other urinary tract issues.

Myth 2: Drinking cranberry juice can cure a UTI.

While cranberry juice may help prevent UTIs by preventing bacteria from sticking to the walls of the urinary tract, it is not a cure. If you suspect you have a urinary tract infection, it is important to seek medical attention and follow the prescribed treatment, which may include antibiotics.

Myth 3: Urine infections are always sexually transmitted.

While sexual activity can increase the risk of developing a urinary tract infection, UTIs are not always caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. There are several other factors that can contribute to the development of UTIs, such as poor hygiene, weakened immune system, and certain medical conditions.

In conclusion, it is important to separate myths from facts when it comes to urinary tract infections. Understanding the true causes and treatments can help prevent complications and ensure the appropriate management of UTIs.

Question and answer:

What are the symptoms of a urinary tract infection?

The symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include a frequent urge to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, pelvic pain in women, and rectal pain in men.

Can urinary tract infections be harmful if left untreated?

Yes, untreated urinary tract infections can potentially lead to more serious complications such as kidney infections, which can cause permanent damage to the kidneys. It is important to seek medical treatment for urinary tract infections to prevent these complications.

How are urinary tract infections diagnosed?

Urinary tract infections are typically diagnosed through a urine test. This involves collecting a urine sample and testing it for the presence of bacteria or white blood cells, which are signs of an infection.

What are some risk factors for developing a urinary tract infection?

Some common risk factors for urinary tract infections include being female, having sexual intercourse, using certain types of birth control (such as diaphragms or spermicides), having a weakened immune system, and having a urinary tract blockage.

Can urinary tract infections be prevented?

While it may not be possible to prevent all urinary tract infections, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk. These include drinking plenty of water, urinating before and after sexual intercourse, wiping from front to back after using the toilet, and avoiding irritating feminine products such as douches or powders.

Is urine infection harmful?

Yes, urine infection can be harmful if left untreated. It can lead to more severe conditions such as kidney infection or even sepsis.

What are the symptoms of urine infection?

The symptoms of urine infection may include frequent urination, pain or burning sensation during urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and pelvic pain in women. It is important to see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

How is urine infection treated?

Urine infection is typically treated with antibiotics. The specific type of antibiotic and duration of treatment will depend on the severity of the infection and the individual patient’s health. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics prescribed by the doctor to ensure that the infection is completely cleared.