Infection with HIV – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV infection, in which the immune system becomes severely compromised.

HIV is transmitted through certain body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The most common mode of transmission is through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person. Sharing needles and syringes, mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding, and contact with infected blood can also lead to HIV transmission.

Once a person becomes infected with HIV, the virus attacks and weakens the immune system by targeting CD4 cells, which are crucial for fighting off infections and diseases. As the virus replicates and spreads throughout the body, the immune system becomes progressively weaker, making it difficult for the body to fight off opportunistic infections and certain types of cancers.

Although there is currently no cure for HIV, there are medications available that can slow down the progression of the virus and manage the symptoms. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment for HIV and involves taking a combination of different medications that target different stages of the virus’s life cycle. With proper treatment and care, people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives.

What is HIV?

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which play a crucial role in fighting off infections. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

HIV is mainly transmitted through certain body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The most common modes of transmission include unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding.

HIV Transmission:

• Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person
• Sharing contaminated needles or syringes
• Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding

The symptoms of HIV vary from person to person but may include flu-like symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. However, some people may not experience any symptoms initially.

It is important to get tested for HIV if you think you may have been exposed to the virus. Early detection and treatment of HIV can greatly improve health outcomes and reduce the risk of transmission. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the recommended treatment for HIV infection and can help people with HIV live long and healthy lives.

Common Symptoms of HIV

HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a retrovirus that can be transmitted through various means. When a person contracts HIV, they may eventually develop AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, which is the advanced stage of HIV infection.

Early Symptoms

During the early stages of HIV infection, a person may experience flu-like symptoms. These can include fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, and body aches. These symptoms can manifest within a few weeks after exposure to the virus and can last for a few days to several weeks.

Advanced Symptoms

As HIV progresses and the immune system becomes weaker, more severe symptoms may appear. These can include persistent fatigue, rapid weight loss, recurring fevers, chronic diarrhea, fungal infections, night sweats, and frequent infections. These are signs that the virus has weakened the immune system, making the person more susceptible to opportunistic infections.

It is important to note that not everyone infected with HIV will experience symptoms right away. Some individuals may remain asymptomatic for many years. Therefore, it is crucial to get tested regularly, especially if there has been a potential exposure to the virus.

If you suspect that you may have been exposed to HIV or are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical advice and get tested for HIV. Early detection and treatment can help manage the virus and prevent the progression to AIDS.

How is HIV Transmitted?

HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is an infection that is primarily transmitted through specific body fluids. The virus is a retrovirus, meaning it has the ability to replicate within the immune cells of the body.

HIV can be transmitted through:

• Unprotected sexual intercourse, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex, with an infected person.
• Sharing needles or syringes with an infected person when injecting drugs.
• From mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
• Through direct contact with the blood of an infected person, such as through blood transfusions or needlestick injuries.

It is important to note that HIV cannot be transmitted through casual contact such as hugging, shaking hands, or sharing utensils. The virus cannot survive outside the body for long periods of time and does not spread through the air or water.

Once a person becomes infected with HIV, the virus attacks and destroys the immune system, eventually leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis and proper treatment using antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can lead healthy lives and reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others.

Prevention of HIV Transmission

HIV is an immune system attacking retrovirus that can be transmitted through various means, including sexual contact, sharing needles or other drug injection equipment, and through mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding. Taking steps to prevent HIV transmission is crucial in limiting the spread of the virus and reducing the number of new infections.

Safe Sexual Practices

Practicing safe sex is one of the most effective ways to prevent HIV transmission. Using condoms consistently and correctly can significantly reduce the risk of contracting or transmitting the virus during sexual intercourse. It is important to note that while male condoms are highly effective in preventing HIV transmission, they are not 100% foolproof. Therefore, it is advisable to use other prevention methods as well, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Needle Exchange Programs

Injection drug use is another common way HIV is transmitted. Sharing needles or other drug injection equipment can put individuals at a high risk of contracting the virus. To reduce the risk of HIV transmission among drug users, needle exchange programs have been implemented in many communities. These programs provide clean needles and syringes to individuals, reducing the likelihood of infection through shared equipment.

Antiretroviral Treatment

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a crucial component of preventing HIV transmission. HIV-positive individuals who are on ART and have an undetectable viral load have a very low risk of transmitting the virus to their sexual partners. It is important for individuals living with HIV to adhere to their medication regimen and undergo regular viral load testing to ensure the virus remains suppressed.

Education and Awareness

Education and awareness play a vital role in preventing HIV transmission. Providing accurate information about the virus, its modes of transmission, and prevention methods can empower individuals to make informed decisions about their sexual health. Promoting regular HIV testing, encouraging open conversations about sex and HIV, and destigmatizing the virus are key elements in reducing new infections and promoting a healthier society.

Testing for HIV

Testing for HIV is crucial in identifying the presence of the virus in an individual’s body. HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system and can lead to the development of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

Transmission of the virus can occur through various routes, such as sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding. It is important to note that HIV is not transmitted through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing utensils.

There are different types of HIV tests available, including antibody tests, antigen/antibody tests, and nucleic acid tests. These tests can detect the presence of antibodies to HIV or the virus itself in a person’s blood, saliva, or urine. Testing can be done at healthcare facilities, community centers, or through home testing kits.

Early detection of HIV infection is crucial as it allows for timely medical intervention and access to treatment. Testing not only helps in diagnosing the infection but also plays a vital role in preventing the further transmission of the virus.

It is important to remember that testing for HIV is confidential, and the results are protected by medical privacy laws. If an individual tests positive for HIV, they should seek medical care and adhere to the prescribed treatment plan. Additionally, individuals can take preventive measures, such as practicing safe sex and using clean needles, to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.

Regular HIV testing is recommended for individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors or have potential exposure to the virus. It is essential to stay informed about HIV and maintain a proactive approach to health, promoting early detection and prevention efforts.

Early Detection of HIV

Early detection of HIV is crucial for effective management and treatment of the virus. HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is a virus that attacks and weakens the immune system. If left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely compromised.

The most common method of HIV transmission is through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person. It can also be transmitted through sharing needles or other equipment used to inject drugs, during childbirth or breastfeeding from an infected mother, or through blood transfusions with infected blood. It is important to note that HIV cannot be transmitted through casual contact like hugging, shaking hands, or using the same household items.

Early symptoms of HIV infection may include fever, fatigue, rash, muscle aches, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and mouth ulcers. However, these symptoms can be similar to other common illnesses, and not everyone infected with HIV will experience them.

To detect HIV in its early stages, regular testing is recommended, especially for individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors such as unprotected sex or injection drug use. There are different types of tests available to detect HIV, including blood tests, saliva tests, and rapid tests that provide results within minutes.

If a person tests positive for HIV, early treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial. ART involves taking a combination of medications that can prevent the virus from multiplying in the body and help preserve the immune system. With early detection and treatment, people living with HIV can live long and healthy lives and significantly reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others.

In conclusion, early detection of HIV is essential in order to access appropriate medical care and treatment. Regular testing, safe sexual practices, and avoiding sharing needles or drug equipment can help prevent the transmission of HIV. It is important to raise awareness about the importance of early detection and continue efforts to eliminate the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS.

Treatment for HIV

Treatment for HIV, which stands for human immunodeficiency virus, is crucial for managing the infection and preventing it from progressing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of treatment is to suppress the virus and boost the immune system, helping individuals with HIV live long, healthy lives.

Antiretroviral Therapy

The mainstay of HIV treatment is antiretroviral therapy, which is a combination of medications that target the virus and reduce its replication in the body. These medications are also known as ARVs or anti-HIV drugs. Antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in suppressing the virus and preventing its progression.

There are several classes of antiretroviral drugs, including:

• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
• Protease inhibitors (PIs)
• Integrase inhibitors
• Fusion inhibitors
• Cannabinoid receptor antagonists

The specific combination of antiretroviral drugs used in a person’s treatment depends on various factors, such as the stage of infection, the individual’s overall health, and the presence of any drug resistance.

Prevention of Transmission

In addition to suppressing the virus, antiretroviral therapy also plays a critical role in preventing the transmission of HIV. When the virus is effectively suppressed in an individual’s body, the risk of transmitting it to others is significantly reduced.

It is important for individuals with HIV to consistently take their medications as prescribed to maintain viral suppression and reduce the risk of transmission. Additionally, practicing safe sex and using barrier methods, such as condoms, can further reduce the risk of transmitting the virus.

Supportive Care

Alongside antiretroviral therapy, individuals with HIV may also receive supportive care to manage the symptoms and complications of the infection. This can include treatment for opportunistic infections, counseling and support for mental health, and assistance with lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthy diet and exercise routine.

Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment and adjusting the antiretroviral regimen if necessary. With proper treatment and care, individuals with HIV can lead fulfilling lives and maintain a strong immune system despite living with an HIV infection.

Antiretroviral Therapy

Antiretroviral therapy is a treatment used to manage infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a combination of drugs that work together to suppress the replication and transmission of the virus in the body.

The main goal of antiretroviral therapy is to reduce the viral load in the blood to undetectable levels. This helps to prevent the progression of HIV infection to AIDS and also reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to others. Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for all individuals living with HIV, regardless of their CD4 cell count or clinical stage of the disease.

Antiretroviral drugs are classified into different classes based on their mechanism of action against the virus. These classes include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors, and entry inhibitors.

The choice of antiretroviral drugs and the specific combination used in therapy depends on a variety of factors, including the individual’s viral load, CD4 cell count, other medical conditions, and potential drug interactions. The treatment regimen is usually a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs from different classes.

Antiretroviral therapy is a lifelong commitment and requires strict adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen. Skipping doses or stopping treatment can lead to viral rebound and the development of drug resistance, which can complicate future treatment options.

Despite its effectiveness in suppressing the virus and improving immune function, antiretroviral therapy does not cure HIV infection. It is important for individuals on antiretroviral therapy to continue practicing safe sex and taking precautions to prevent the transmission of the virus to others.

Overall, antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the management of HIV infection, transforming it from a deadly disease to a chronic condition. With proper treatment and care, individuals living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives.

Managing HIV Side Effects

Living with HIV requires careful management of both the infection itself and the side effects that can occur as a result of treatment. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved the quality and length of life for people with HIV, it can also lead to a range of side effects that vary in severity.

Common Side Effects

Some of the most common side effects associated with ART include:

• Gastrointestinal Issues: Nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting can commonly occur as a result of antiretroviral drugs.
• Fatigue: Many individuals experience fatigue or low energy levels while on treatment.
• Skin Rashes: Some individuals may develop rashes or skin irritations as a side effect of certain antiretroviral medications.
• Changes in Body Fat Distribution: In some cases, antiretroviral drugs can cause changes in body fat, such as increased fat in the abdomen or loss of fat in the face, arms, or legs.

Managing Side Effects

It is important for individuals living with HIV to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage and minimize the impact of side effects. Here are some strategies that can help:

1. Open Communication: Maintain open and honest communication with your healthcare provider about any side effects you may be experiencing. They can help identify the cause and provide guidance on managing them.
2. Diet and Nutrition: Eating a balanced diet and staying hydrated can help reduce gastrointestinal side effects. Your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian can provide personalized recommendations.
3. Exercise and Rest: Engaging in regular physical activity and getting enough rest can improve energy levels and overall wellbeing.
4. Medication Adjustments: Your healthcare provider may be able to adjust your medication regimen or switch to alternative medications to minimize side effects.
5. Supportive Therapies: In some cases, additional therapies such as counseling, stress management, or alternative therapies may be beneficial in managing side effects and improving quality of life.

Remember, managing side effects is an important part of overall HIV care. By taking steps to address and minimize these effects, individuals living with HIV can improve their well-being and maintain a good quality of life.

HIV and Pregnancy

When a pregnant woman is infected with HIV, she can transmit the virus to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. However, with proper medical interventions, the risk of transmission can be significantly reduced.

The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. ART involves taking a combination of medications that inhibit the replication of the retrovirus and help maintain a healthy immune system. It not only improves the health of the mother but also greatly reduces the chances of transmitting the virus to her baby.

It is important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care and follow their healthcare provider’s recommendations. This includes undergoing HIV testing to detect any infection early on. If a woman tests positive for HIV, treatment should be started as soon as possible to reduce the viral load and protect the baby.

If proper precautions are taken, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 1%. This involves closely monitoring the mother’s viral load throughout the pregnancy, ensuring adherence to medication, and employing safer childbirth practices such as delivery via Cesarean section.

During breastfeeding, the risk of HIV transmission is also present. However, it can be significantly reduced with the use of antiretroviral medication for the mother and avoidance of breastfeeding if alternatives are available.

Ways to Reduce HIV Transmission during Pregnancy
1. Use of antiretroviral therapy (ART)
2. Regular prenatal care and HIV testing
3. Early initiation of treatment
4. Monitoring of viral load
5. Safer childbirth practices
6. Consideration of alternatives to breastfeeding

By following these measures, pregnant women living with HIV can greatly reduce the risk of transmitting the infection to their babies and ensure a healthier future for both themselves and their children.

HIV and Children

Children are not immune to HIV infection and can be transmitted the virus from their infected mother during pregnancy, childbirth, or through breastfeeding. HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, which is responsible for fighting off infections and diseases in the body. When a child becomes infected with HIV, their immune system becomes severely weakened, making them more susceptible to other infections and illnesses.

Transmission of HIV to children

HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or through breastfeeding. This is known as mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. The risk of MTCT can be significantly reduced through the use of antiretroviral drugs by the mother during pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding, as well as proper medical care and support.

During pregnancy, the virus can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus through the placenta. The risk of transmission is highest during labor and delivery when the child comes into contact with the mother’s infected blood and vaginal fluids. After birth, HIV can be transmitted through breast milk if the mother is infected.

HIV infection in children

When a child becomes infected with HIV, they may not show any symptoms of the infection for several months or even years. However, over time, the virus progressively weakens the immune system, leading to the development of opportunistic infections and illnesses. Without treatment, HIV infection can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition where the immune system is severely damaged and can no longer fight off infections.

Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV in children is crucial to prevent disease progression and improve their quality of life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment for HIV and can significantly slow down the progression of the virus, improve the child’s immune function, and reduce the risk of developing AIDS-related illnesses.

It is essential for healthcare providers and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of HIV infection in children and ensure early testing and diagnosis. Regular monitoring and adherence to the prescribed antiretroviral treatment can help children with HIV lead healthy and productive lives.

Mental Health and HIV

Living with HIV infection can pose challenges to mental health. The HIV virus can have direct effects on the brain and central nervous system, leading to neurocognitive disorders and psychiatric symptoms. Additionally, the social stigma associated with HIV can contribute to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and social isolation.

People living with HIV may also face unique psychological stressors, including coping with the diagnosis, managing the chronic nature of the virus, and addressing the stigma and discrimination associated with the disease. These stressors, combined with the physical challenges of living with HIV, can have a significant impact on mental well-being.

Furthermore, mental health plays a crucial role in the transmission and management of HIV. People with certain mental health conditions may engage in high-risk behaviors that increase the likelihood of HIV transmission, such as substance abuse or unprotected sex. Adequate mental health support and resources are essential to address these risk factors and promote safer behaviors.

Fortunately, advancements in HIV treatment have also had positive effects on mental health. Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV from a life-threatening illness to a chronic condition, reducing anxiety and fear associated with the disease. Access to appropriate mental healthcare and support services can further enhance the overall well-being of individuals living with HIV.

Addressing mental health needs in the context of HIV is crucial for providing comprehensive care to individuals living with the virus and preventing the progression to AIDS. A holistic approach that merges medical treatment for the retrovirus with mental health support is essential for improving the quality of life for those affected by HIV.

HIV and Substance Abuse

Substance abuse and addiction can have severe consequences for individuals, affecting their physical and mental well-being. When it comes to HIV, substance abuse can further complicate the situation.

HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a retrovirus that attacks and weakens the immune system. It is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, or from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

Substance abuse, particularly the use of injection drugs, increases the risk of HIV infection. Sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia can directly transmit the virus. Additionally, substance abuse can impair judgment and lead to engaging in risky sexual behaviors, further increasing the likelihood of HIV transmission.

Furthermore, individuals living with HIV who engage in substance abuse can experience worsened health outcomes. Substance abuse can hinder treatment adherence and access to care, leading to a compromised immune system and faster progression to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

It is crucial for individuals living with HIV to receive comprehensive care that addresses both their HIV infection and substance abuse issues. Integrated treatment programs that combine medical, psychological, and social support can have positive outcomes in managing both conditions simultaneously.

If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse and HIV, seek professional help immediately. A healthcare provider or local organizations specializing in HIV and substance abuse can provide guidance, resources, and support to navigate this complex situation.

Remember: Prevention is the key to avoiding HIV transmission. Practice safe sex, avoid sharing needles or drug paraphernalia, and seek regular HIV testing to protect yourself and others.

Support for People Living with HIV

Being diagnosed with HIV can be a challenging and life-changing experience. However, there is a wide range of support available for people living with this infection. Understanding the importance of connecting with others who are going through similar experiences can provide immense emotional support and help individuals navigate the complexities of managing their condition.

One of the essential forms of support for people living with HIV is access to antiretroviral treatment. Antiretroviral medications can effectively suppress the replication of the HIV virus in the body, allowing individuals to live a longer and healthier life. It is crucial for individuals to regularly take their prescribed medications as directed to maintain their immune system’s strength and maximize the benefits of the treatment.

Support groups are another valuable resource for people living with HIV. These groups provide a safe and confidential space for individuals to share their experiences, concerns, and challenges. Being part of a support group helps to combat feelings of isolation and provides individuals an opportunity to learn from one another’s experiences, coping strategies, and success stories.

In addition to support groups, counseling and therapy services play a significant role in helping people living with HIV. Trained professionals can provide emotional support, guidance, and coping mechanisms for individuals who may be struggling with the emotional impact of their diagnosis or feelings of anxiety, depression, or stigma. Therapy can also help individuals develop strategies for disclosing their HIV status to friends, family, or potential partners.

Furthermore, there are numerous organizations and community centers that specifically cater to the needs of individuals living with HIV. These organizations offer a wide range of services, such as educational programs, access to medical resources, legal assistance, and advocacy. They can also provide information on support services available in the community and help individuals connect with healthcare providers specializing in HIV care.

Lastly, it is important to remember that HIV is not synonymous with AIDS. With proper medical care and a healthy lifestyle, many individuals living with HIV can manage their infection and live long, fulfilling lives. Support systems that address both the physical and emotional aspects of the condition play a crucial role in empowering individuals to take control of their health and well-being.

In summary, individuals living with HIV have access to a variety of support systems to help them manage their infection and navigate the challenges that come with it. From antiretroviral treatment to support groups, counseling, and specialized organizations, these resources ensure that people living with HIV receive the care, guidance, and understanding they need to live their best lives.

Latest Research on HIV

Recent studies have provided valuable insights into the immune response to HIV and how the virus is transmitted. A retrovirus, HIV infects and attacks the immune system, gradually weakening its ability to fight off infections. Understanding the transmission of HIV is crucial in preventing its spread.

Scientists have discovered that HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, needle-sharing, and perinatal transmission from mother to child. Efforts are being made to develop preventative measures, such as condoms and clean needle programs, to reduce the transmission of HIV.

Researchers have also been studying the virus itself to develop effective treatments. Antiretroviral therapy has been successful in managing HIV infection and has improved the quality of life for those living with the virus. However, a cure for HIV/AIDS has not yet been found.

Advancements in research have also led to the development of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a medication that can be taken by individuals at high risk of HIV infection to prevent the virus from taking hold in their bodies. This has shown promising results in reducing the transmission of HIV.

The latest research on HIV continues to focus on finding a cure, improving treatment options, and developing preventative measures. Ongoing efforts are being made to better understand the immune response to HIV and find ways to boost the body’s natural ability to fight off the virus.

Question and answer:

What are the most common symptoms of HIV infection?

The most common symptoms of HIV infection include fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and a sore throat. Other symptoms may include rash, muscle aches, and night sweats.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles or syringes, mother-to-child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through blood transfusions (although this is very rare). It is not transmitted through casual contact like hugging or shaking hands.

What is the treatment for HIV?

The treatment for HIV typically involves a combination of antiretroviral drugs, which help control the virus and prevent it from progressing to AIDS. These drugs can help people with HIV live long and healthy lives. It is important to take the medication as prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Is HIV curable?

Currently, there is no cure for HIV. However, with early diagnosis and proper treatment, people with HIV can live long and healthy lives. Research is ongoing to find a cure for HIV.

Can HIV be transmitted through kissing?

No, HIV cannot be transmitted through kissing. The virus is not present in saliva, and saliva does not transmit HIV. The virus is transmitted through certain body fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

What are the common symptoms of HIV infection?

The common symptoms of HIV infection include fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and rash. However, it is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other illnesses, so it is essential to get tested for HIV to confirm the diagnosis.