Most Common Infection After Transplant You Should Be Aware Of

After undergoing a transplant, patients are at a heightened risk of developing infections. In fact, infections are one of the most common complications that arise after a transplant procedure. These infections can range from mild to severe, and can significantly impact the patient’s recovery and overall health.

There are several factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections after a transplant. One of the primary factors is the use of immunosuppressant medications, which are necessary to prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted organ. However, these medications also weaken the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fight off infections.

Some of the most common types of infections that occur after a transplant include bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. These can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, urinary tract, and surgical wounds. Infections in these areas can cause symptoms such as fever, pain, and inflammation, and may require treatment with antibiotics or antifungal medication.

It is crucial for transplant recipients to closely monitor their health and take necessary precautions to prevent infections. This includes practicing good hygiene, avoiding contact with individuals who are sick, and getting recommended vaccinations. Additionally, regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to detect and treat any potential infections early on.

While infections after a transplant can be challenging to manage, with proper care and prompt treatment, most infections can be effectively controlled. It is important for transplant recipients to work closely with their healthcare team to minimize the risk of infections and maintain optimal health during the post-transplant period.

Risk Factors for Infections in Transplant Patients

Transplant patients are at an increased risk of developing infections due to the suppression of their immune system. Infections are a common occurrence and can have serious consequences for these individuals.

Immunosuppression

One of the most significant risk factors for infections in transplant patients is the immunosuppressive medications they must take to prevent graft rejection. These medications weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. As a result, transplant recipients are more susceptible to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.

Surgical Procedures

Another risk factor is the invasive nature of transplant surgery itself. During the procedure, patients are exposed to potential sources of infection, including the surgical site, catheters, and drains. Additionally, the prolonged hospital stay and frequent medical procedures after transplantation increase the likelihood of acquiring infections.

Pre-existing Conditions

Patients with pre-existing conditions, such as diabetes or chronic kidney disease, are at a higher risk of developing infections after a transplant. These conditions weaken the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fend off infections. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully manage these underlying conditions to minimize the risk of post-transplant infections.

Conclusion:

Infections are a significant concern for transplant patients, and several risk factors contribute to their susceptibility. The use of immunosuppressive medications, the invasive nature of transplant surgery, and pre-existing conditions all increase the risk of infections. Healthcare providers must implement effective infection prevention strategies and closely monitor transplant patients to minimize the occurrence and impact of these infections.

Types of Infections Commonly Seen After Transplant

Infection is a common concern after undergoing a transplant. As the immune system is suppressed to prevent organ rejection, the body becomes more susceptible to various types of infections. Here are some of the most frequent types of infections seen in transplant patients:

Bacterial Infections: These are caused by bacteria and can affect various parts of the body, such as the urinary tract, surgical incision sites, and the lungs. Symptoms may include fever, redness, swelling, and pain in the affected area.

Viral Infections: Viruses are a common source of infections after transplant. Some common viral infections include cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). These infections can cause flu-like symptoms, rashes, and in severe cases, organ damage.

Fungal Infections: Fungi can cause infections in transplant patients, especially those undergoing long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Common fungal infections include candidiasis, aspergillosis, and histoplasmosis. Symptoms may include fever, cough, chest pain, and skin rashes.

Opportunistic Infections: These infections are caused by microorganisms that typically do not cause illness in people with a healthy immune system. However, in transplant patients, opportunistic infections can pose a serious threat. Examples include Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis (TB).

Urinary Tract Infections: UTIs are more common in kidney transplant recipients. These infections can cause urinary symptoms such as frequent urination, painful urination, and cloudy urine. If left untreated, UTIs can lead to kidney damage.

It is crucial for transplant patients to be vigilant about infection prevention and to promptly report any symptoms to their healthcare providers. Regular check-ups and regular monitoring of immune function can help detect and manage infections early on. Additionally, adopting good hygiene practices, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and following prescribed medications can help reduce the risk of infections.

Symptoms and Signs of Post-Transplant Infections

After a transplant, the risk of infection is high due to the suppression of the immune system. Infections can occur in various parts of the body and can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Recognizing the symptoms and signs of post-transplant infections is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.

Fever

Fever is one of the most common symptoms of post-transplant infections. It is often the first sign that something is wrong. A persistent fever, typically above 100.4°F (38°C), should never be ignored and should be promptly reported to the healthcare provider.

Localized Symptoms

Infections may cause localized symptoms, depending on the affected organ or site. For example, a urinary tract infection may present with pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, or cloudy urine. Similarly, a respiratory tract infection may cause cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain.

Generalized Symptoms

Some infections may cause generalized symptoms that affect the entire body. These include fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, and night sweats. These symptoms may be nonspecific and can mimic other conditions, so it is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.

Wound Infections

For individuals who have undergone a surgical transplant, wound infections can be a common complication. Signs of a wound infection may include redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and discharge. It is crucial to keep the surgical site clean and follow proper wound care instructions to minimize the risk of infection.

In summary, post-transplant infections can manifest with a variety of symptoms and signs. Fever, localized symptoms, generalized symptoms, and wound infections are some of the common indicators. Prompt recognition and treatment of infections can help prevent complications and enhance the success of the transplant.

Diagnosing Infections in Transplant Recipients

After undergoing a transplant, infection is a common concern for recipients. In fact, it is one of the most common complications that can occur after the procedure. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of infections is crucial in transplant recipients to ensure proper treatment and prevent serious complications.

Signs and Symptoms

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of infection in transplant recipients is essential for early intervention. Some common signs include fever, chills, increased heart rate, swelling, redness, and tenderness at the site of the transplant. Other symptoms may include cough, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Diagnostic Tests

When an infection is suspected, healthcare providers will conduct various diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of infection in transplant recipients. These tests may include blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies, and cultures. Blood tests can detect the presence of infection markers, such as increased levels of white blood cells and inflammatory markers. Urine tests can detect urinary tract infections or kidney infections. Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, can help identify infections in specific areas of the body. Cultures involve taking samples from suspected infection sites and observing them for the presence of bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

It is important for healthcare providers to interpret diagnostic test results accurately and make prompt treatment decisions. Any delay in diagnosing and treating infections in transplant recipients can lead to serious complications and even graft failure.

In conclusion, diagnosing infections in transplant recipients is crucial for their overall well-being and successful transplantation outcomes. Healthcare providers must be vigilant in recognizing the signs and symptoms of infection, and conducting appropriate diagnostic tests to ensure timely and effective treatment.

Preventive Measures to Reduce Infection Risk After Transplant

After a transplant, the risk of infection is most common due to the suppression of the immune system. Therefore, taking preventive measures becomes crucial in order to reduce this risk and ensure a successful recovery.

1. Hand hygiene

One of the most effective ways to prevent infection after a transplant is by practicing proper hand hygiene. Washing hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or using hand sanitizer can help eliminate harmful bacteria and viruses that may cause infections.

2. Avoiding crowds and sick individuals

Since the immune system is compromised after a transplant, it is important to avoid crowded places and individuals who are ill. Viral infections, such as the common cold or flu, can easily be transmitted in such settings. It is advisable to limit exposure to potential sources of infection and wear a mask when necessary.

These preventive measures play a vital role in reducing the risk of infection after a transplant. By practicing good hand hygiene and avoiding crowded areas, transplant recipients can help protect themselves and ensure a smooth recovery process.

Treatment Options for Post-Transplant Infections

After a transplant, it is common for patients to experience infections due to a weakened immune system. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Prompt and effective treatment is essential to prevent these infections from worsening and causing complications.

Antibiotics

One of the most common treatment options for bacterial infections after a transplant is antibiotics. These medications work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. The choice of antibiotics depends on the specific type of infection and the sensitivity of the bacteria to different drugs. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by the healthcare provider to ensure complete eradication of the infection.

Antiviral Medications

For viral infections, antiviral medications are commonly used. These medications can help to slow down the replication of the virus and reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. Antivirals may be prescribed for infections caused by herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus, or other viral pathogens commonly seen after transplantation.

Antifungal Drugs

Fungal infections are another common type of infection that can occur after a transplant. Antifungal drugs are used to treat these types of infections. These medications work by targeting the cell walls or membranes of the fungi, preventing their growth and replication. The duration of antifungal treatment may vary depending on the severity and type of infection.

Immunoglobulin Therapy

In some cases, patients may be given immunoglobulin therapy to help boost their immune system and fight off infections. Immunoglobulins are proteins that act as antibodies and help the body recognize and destroy foreign pathogens. This therapy may be given intravenously or through subcutaneous injections.

• Prevention Measures: Along with treatment, it is important for transplant patients to take preventive measures to reduce the risk of infections. This includes practicing good hygiene, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and receiving vaccinations as recommended by healthcare providers.
• Monitoring and Follow-up: Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare providers are crucial in identifying and treating infections early. Transplant patients should report any signs or symptoms of infection, such as fever, cough, or unusual discharge, to their healthcare team immediately.
• Individualized Treatment Plans: The treatment options for post-transplant infections may vary depending on the specific type of infection, the patient’s overall health, and other factors. The healthcare team will develop an individualized treatment plan based on these factors to ensure the best possible outcomes.

Specific Infections Associated with Different Transplants

After a transplant, the risk of infection is increased due to the immunosuppressive drugs that patients must take to prevent organ rejection. Different infections are commonly associated with specific types of transplants:

• Lung Transplant: One of the most common infections after a lung transplant is pneumonia. The weakened immune system makes the lungs more susceptible to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.
• Kidney Transplant: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common infection after a kidney transplant. The new kidney can be infected by bacteria that enter the body through the urinary tract.
• Liver Transplant: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern after a liver transplant. These infections can occur at the incision site or in the abdominal cavity.
• Heart Transplant: Infections of the heart can occur after a heart transplant and can include bacterial endocarditis, which is an infection of the inner lining of the heart and its valves.
• Bone Marrow Transplant: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication after a bone marrow transplant. This occurs when the transplanted cells recognize the recipient’s body as foreign and attack it.

It is important for transplant recipients to be vigilant for any signs of infection, as prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing serious complications.

Infection Rates and Prognosis After Transplant

After a transplant, infection is a common risk that patients face. The immune system is suppressed to prevent rejection of the transplant, making it easier for pathogens to invade the body. Various factors contribute to the infection rates after a transplant, including the type of transplant, the immunosuppressive medications used, and the overall health of the patient.

The most common infections that occur after a transplant are bacterial, viral, and fungal. Bacterial infections can manifest as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, or skin infections. Viral infections, such as cytomegalovirus or herpes, can reactivate or be transmitted from the donor. Fungal infections, like candidiasis or aspergillosis, can occur due to the weakened immune system.

Infection Rates

The incidence of infections after transplant varies depending on the type of transplant and the time since the procedure. In general, the first few months after transplant are the most critical, as the immune system is the weakest during this period. The overall infection rate is approximately 20-60% in solid organ transplants and 30-90% in bone marrow transplants.

Patient characteristics also influence infection rates. Age, underlying medical conditions, and previous exposure to infections can increase the risk. Furthermore, certain transplant-related factors, such as the duration of surgery, use of invasive devices, and prolonged hospital stays, can also contribute to higher infection rates.

Prognosis

The prognosis for infections after a transplant can vary. Some infections can be mild and easily treated with antibiotics or antiviral drugs. However, others can be severe or even life-threatening. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial in improving prognosis.

The outcome also depends on the type of infection. Bacterial infections generally have a better prognosis compared to viral or fungal infections. However, viral and fungal infections can have more long-term consequences, such as chronic hepatitis or invasive fungal disease.

Overall, infection after a transplant is a significant concern. Healthcare providers closely monitor patients for signs of infection and take appropriate measures to prevent and treat them. Patients are educated on infection prevention strategies and advised to seek medical attention promptly if any symptoms of infection arise.

Long-Term Effects of Post-Transplant Infections

Most patients who undergo a transplant procedure are aware of the potential risks of infections during the immediate post-transplant period. However, it is equally important to consider the long-term effects of these infections.

One of the most common infections that can occur after a transplant is the reactivation of latent viruses, such as herpesviruses or cytomegalovirus. These viruses can remain dormant in the body and may not cause any symptoms until the immune system is suppressed following a transplant. The long-term effects of these infections can range from mild symptoms, such as fatigue and flu-like symptoms, to more severe complications, including organ damage or graft rejection.

Effects on the Respiratory System

Respiratory infections are another common long-term consequence of post-transplant infections. The weakened immune system makes transplant recipients more susceptible to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections of the respiratory tract. These infections can lead to chronic respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, which can greatly impact the quality of life of transplant recipients.

Effects on the Gastrointestinal System

Gastrointestinal infections are another concern for transplant recipients. Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites can lead to complications such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, malabsorption of nutrients, and weight loss. Chronic gastrointestinal infections can also interfere with the absorption of immunosuppressive medications, leading to inadequate immune suppression and potentially increasing the risk of organ rejection.

To better understand and manage the long-term effects of post-transplant infections, healthcare providers closely monitor transplant recipients and conduct regular screenings for infections. Early detection and prompt treatment of these infections are crucial in preventing long-term complications and improving the overall outcome of transplant procedures.

Infection Type	Main Long-Term Effects
Reactivation of latent viruses	Mild to severe symptoms, organ damage, graft rejection
Respiratory infections	Chronic respiratory conditions, reduced quality of life
Gastrointestinal infections	Diarrhea, abdominal pain, malabsorption, weight loss

How to Support a Transplant Recipient During Infection

After a transplant, it is common for recipients to experience infections. These infections can range from mild to severe and can affect different parts of the body. As a support system for a transplant recipient during an infection, there are several things you can do to help.

1. Be Understanding and Empathetic: Infections can be physically and emotionally draining for a transplant recipient. It is important to be understanding of their situation and empathize with their feelings. Offer a listening ear and provide emotional support during this challenging time.

2. Encourage Rest and Recovery: Infections can take a toll on the body, so it is crucial for the recipient to get plenty of rest. Encourage them to take it easy and prioritize their health. Offer to help with daily tasks or chores to alleviate their responsibilities and allow them to focus on recovery.

3. Remind Them to Follow Medical Advice: It is vital for a transplant recipient to follow their medical team’s advice when it comes to managing the infection. Remind them to take prescribed medications, attend follow-up appointments, and adhere to any necessary precautions. Reinforce the importance of proper hygiene and infection prevention techniques.

4. Provide Nutritious Meals: A healthy diet is crucial for the immune system’s functioning. Offer to prepare nutritious meals or provide assistance with meal planning. Ensure that the recipient is consuming a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains to support their recovery.

5. Assist with Transportation: In some cases, the recipient may need to visit the hospital or medical facility for check-ups or treatments related to the infection. Offer to provide transportation assistance or accompany them to these appointments, ensuring they can access the necessary healthcare services without any additional stress.

6. Educate Yourself: Take the time to educate yourself about the specific infection the recipient is dealing with. This will help you understand the challenges they are facing better and allow you to provide more informed support. Stay updated on new developments or information related to the infection to assist the recipient in the best possible way.

Remember, each transplant recipient’s experience with infection will be unique. It is essential to tailor your support to their individual needs and consult their medical team for specific guidance. Your support and understanding can make a significant difference in their journey towards recovery.

Research and Advances in Preventing Infections After Transplant

After a transplant, preventing infections is one of the most crucial aspects of the patient’s care. Post-transplant patients are at a higher risk of developing infections due to a weakened immune system. The most common infection after transplant is discussed in further detail below. However, medical researchers and professionals have made significant progress in understanding and preventing infections in transplant patients.

The Importance of Research

Research plays a vital role in improving the outcomes for transplant recipients. By studying the causes, risk factors, and prevention strategies for infections after transplant, researchers can develop evidence-based guidelines for patient care. These guidelines can be used by healthcare providers to minimize the risk of infections and ensure the long-term success of transplantation.

New Advances in Preventing Infections

Advancements in medical science have led to several innovative approaches in preventing infections after transplant. Here are some notable developments:

Infection Type	Prevention Approach
Pneumonia	Prophylactic use of antimicrobial medications
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)	Preemptive antiviral therapy based on regular monitoring
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)	Strict catheter care and early removal when possible
Surgical Site Infection (SSI)	Strict adherence to sterile procedures and wound care

These advances in infection prevention have significantly reduced the incidence and severity of infections in post-transplant patients. Ongoing research continues to explore new methods, such as immunomodulatory therapies, to further enhance the immune response and decrease the risk of infections.

In conclusion, research and advances in infection prevention are crucial for improving the outcomes of transplant recipients. By implementing evidence-based guidelines and staying updated with the latest developments, healthcare providers can effectively minimize the risk of infections and enhance the long-term success of transplantation.

Educational Resources and Support for Transplant Patients

Transplants are complex procedures that require a significant amount of care and support both during and after the process. One common challenge that transplant patients face is the risk of infection.

After a transplant, patients are at a higher risk of developing infections due to weakened immune systems. It is important for patients to be educated about the most common infections that can occur post-transplant, as well as the necessary precautions to prevent them.

There are several resources available to transplant patients to help them stay informed and supported. These resources include educational materials such as brochures, websites, and videos, which provide detailed information about post-transplant infections.

Additionally, support groups and social networks can be valuable for transplant patients. These platforms allow patients to connect with others who have undergone similar procedures, providing a sense of community and understanding. Patients can share their experiences, ask questions, and receive support from those who have been through similar challenges.

Furthermore, healthcare professionals play a crucial role in educating and supporting transplant patients. By providing comprehensive information about infections and preventative measures, doctors and nurses can empower patients to take an active role in their own healthcare.

In conclusion, transplant patients face the risk of infection, but there are numerous educational resources and support systems available to help them navigate this challenge. By staying informed and connected, patients can take the necessary precautions to reduce their risk of infection and ensure a successful transplant outcome.

Transplant Centers with Expertise in Infection Control

After a transplant, the risk of infection is a common concern for patients. However, there are transplant centers around the world that have proven expertise in infection control.

These centers are equipped with experienced professionals who specialize in preventing and treating infections that may occur after a transplant. They implement stringent protocols to minimize the risk of infection and ensure the safety of their patients.

Through their expertise, these centers have developed comprehensive infection control programs that address the specific needs of transplant recipients. They stay up-to-date with the latest research and advancements in infection control, allowing them to provide the most effective preventive strategies and treatments.

Transplant centers with expertise in infection control understand the unique challenges faced by transplant patients. They have the knowledge and resources to identify and manage common infections that may arise after a transplant, such as respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections.

Moreover, these centers emphasize education and communication with patients, ensuring they are well-informed about infection prevention strategies and signs of potential infections. They also collaborate closely with other healthcare providers to ensure a multidisciplinary approach to infection control.

In conclusion, transplant centers with expertise in infection control play a crucial role in ensuring the well-being and safety of transplant recipients. Their specialized knowledge and focus on prevention and treatment of infections make them vital resources for patients seeking the best possible care after a transplant.

Clinical Trials and New Treatment Approaches for Post-Transplant Infections

Post-transplant infections are a common concern after undergoing a transplant surgery. Among the various types of infections that can occur, some of the most common ones include bacterial, fungal, and viral infections.

To combat these post-transplant infections, clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate new treatment approaches. These trials aim to improve patient outcomes and reduce the occurrence and severity of infections.

Types of Clinical Trials

There are different types of clinical trials being conducted for post-transplant infections. Some trials focus on evaluating new antimicrobial drugs that specifically target the pathogens responsible for infections. These drugs may have a more targeted action and lower side effects compared to traditional antibiotics.

Other trials focus on immunotherapeutic approaches to boost the recipient’s immune system to combat infections. These approaches include the use of monoclonal antibodies, immunoglobulins, or cytokines to enhance immune responses and reduce the risk of infection.

Benefits of Clinical Trials

Clinical trials provide several benefits in the management of post-transplant infections. First, they help identify new and more effective treatment options that can improve patient outcomes. Second, they contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of infections and provide insights into novel therapeutic targets. Lastly, participating in clinical trials allows patients to receive cutting-edge treatments that may not be available through standard care.

It is important to note that participating in a clinical trial is voluntary and requires informed consent. Additionally, regular monitoring and follow-up examinations are necessary to ensure patient safety and assess treatment efficacy.

In conclusion, clinical trials offer a promising avenue for the development of new treatment approaches for post-transplant infections. They aim to reduce the burden of infections and improve patient outcomes through targeted drug therapies and immunotherapeutic approaches. continued…

Importance of Regular Follow-Up Care for Transplant Recipients

After receiving a transplant, it is important for patients to understand the potential risks and complications they may face, including the most common infection that can occur after a transplant. Regular follow-up care plays a crucial role in monitoring the recipient’s health and preventing the development of serious infections.

Understanding the Risk

Transplant recipients are at an increased risk of infection due to the immunosuppressive medications they take to prevent rejection of the donor organ. These medications weaken the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fight off infections. Therefore, it is essential for transplant recipients to be vigilant about their health and closely monitor any signs of infection.

The Role of Regular Follow-Up Care

Regular follow-up care allows healthcare professionals to closely monitor the recipient’s health and detect any signs of infection at an early stage. During these check-ups, the transplant recipient undergoes various tests to evaluate the function of the transplanted organ and to ensure that there are no signs of infection or rejection.

Early Detection and Prevention

Regular follow-up care provides an opportunity for healthcare professionals to identify any potential infection before it becomes severe. This allows for early intervention and treatment, which can help prevent the infection from spreading and causing further complications. The healthcare team may prescribe antimicrobial medications or adjust the immunosuppressive regimen to help manage the infection.

Educating Transplant Recipients

Regular follow-up care also plays a crucial role in educating transplant recipients about the importance of good hygiene practices and infection prevention strategies. This includes washing hands frequently, avoiding crowded places, getting vaccinated as recommended, and practicing safe sexual behaviors. By providing this education, healthcare professionals empower transplant recipients to take an active role in their own health and well-being.

Overall, regular follow-up care is of utmost importance for transplant recipients to monitor their health, detect any signs of infection, and ensure the ongoing success of their transplant. By actively engaging in this care, transplant recipients can reduce the risk of complications and enjoy a better quality of life.

Question and answer:

What is the most common infection after a transplant?

The most common infection after a transplant is a bacterial infection.

What are the symptoms of an infection after a transplant?

The symptoms of an infection after a transplant can vary, but commonly include fever, chills, pain, redness, and swelling at the site of the transplant.

How can infections be prevented after a transplant?

Infections after a transplant can be prevented by practicing good hygiene, taking prescribed medications, avoiding crowded places, and avoiding contact with individuals who are sick.

Are fungal infections common after a transplant?

Fungal infections are less common than bacterial infections after a transplant, but they can still occur. These infections are usually more difficult to treat and may require longer courses of antifungal medications.

What are some risk factors for developing an infection after a transplant?

Some risk factors for developing an infection after a transplant include a weakened immune system, the use of immunosuppressive medications, and exposure to certain infectious agents.

What is the most common infection after a transplant?

The most common infection after a transplant is called cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. CMV is a type of herpes virus that can cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and a low white blood cell count.