Should You Use Antibiotics to Treat a Sinus Infection? Find Out the Truth Here!

Sinus infections, also known as sinusitis, can be a debilitating condition that causes inflammation and discomfort in the nasal passages. This can result in symptoms such as facial pain, headache, nasal congestion, and thick nasal discharge. While many sinus infections are caused by viruses and resolve on their own, others may be caused by bacteria.

Traditionally, antibiotics have been prescribed for sinus infections to eliminate bacterial growth and alleviate symptoms. However, recent research suggests that antibiotics may not always be necessary for treating sinus infections. In fact, overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which can make future infections more difficult to treat.

It is important for healthcare providers to carefully consider the cause and severity of the sinus infection before prescribing antibiotics. In some cases, symptoms may improve without the use of antibiotics, especially if the infection is viral in nature. In these instances, supportive care such as saline nasal irrigation, pain relievers, and decongestants may be recommended to relieve symptoms and help the body heal naturally.

However, if a sinus infection is caused by bacteria or if the symptoms are severe and persistent, antibiotics may be necessary. In these cases, healthcare providers will carefully select an appropriate antibiotic to target the specific bacteria causing the infection. It is important to follow the prescribed course of antibiotics as directed, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that the infection is fully treated.

In conclusion, while antibiotics may be necessary for certain cases of sinus infection, they may not always be needed and should be used judiciously. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the cause of the sinus infection and the most appropriate course of treatment. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Sinus Infection Explained

A sinus infection, also known as sinusitis, is a condition that causes inflammation and swelling of the sinus cavities. The sinuses are air-filled spaces located behind the forehead, cheeks, and eyes. When a sinus infection occurs, the nasal passages become blocked, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain or pressure, headache, and thick nasal discharge.

Sinus infections can be caused by various factors, including viruses, bacteria, and allergies. Viral sinus infections are the most common and usually go away on their own within a week or two. Bacterial sinus infections, on the other hand, may require treatment with antibiotics to clear the infection.

It’s important to determine if antibiotics are necessary for a sinus infection. Antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections, so they are not needed for viral sinus infections. In fact, overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, making it harder to treat bacterial infections in the future.

Your healthcare provider will assess your symptoms and determine whether antibiotics are needed. They may consider factors such as the duration and severity of your symptoms, as well as any underlying health conditions you may have. In many cases, sinus infections can be managed with home remedies such as nasal irrigation, steam inhalation, and over-the-counter pain relievers.

If your sinus infection is caused by bacteria and antibiotics are prescribed, it’s important to take the full course of medication as directed by your healthcare provider. This will help ensure that the infection is completely cleared and reduce the risk of developing antibiotic resistance.

In conclusion, not all sinus infections require antibiotics. It’s important to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause of your infection and the most appropriate treatment. Using antibiotics only when necessary can help prevent antibiotic resistance and ensure effective treatment of bacterial sinus infections.

Causes of Sinus Infection

Sinus infections, also known as sinusitis, occur when the sinus cavities become inflamed and swollen. There are several causes of sinus infections, and understanding them can help determine if antibiotics are necessary.

1. Viral Infection

The most common cause of sinus infection is a viral infection. Viruses that cause the common cold or flu can lead to sinusitis. When these viruses infect the respiratory tract, they can cause inflammation in the sinus cavities.

2. Bacterial Infection

In some cases, a sinus infection may be caused by a bacterial infection. Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis can invade the sinus cavities and lead to infection. Antibiotics are often prescribed to treat bacterial sinus infections.

3. Allergies

Allergies can also contribute to sinus infections. When a person is exposed to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, the immune system reacts by producing histamine. This can cause the sinus cavities to become inflamed and lead to infection.

4. Structural Abnormalities

In some cases, structural abnormalities in the nasal passages can contribute to sinus infections. These abnormalities, such as a deviated septum or nasal polyps, can block the sinus passages and prevent proper drainage. This can create an environment conducive to bacterial growth and infection.

In conclusion, sinus infections can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or structural abnormalities. While antibiotics may be necessary for bacterial sinus infections, they are not always required for viral sinus infections. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause of the infection and the appropriate course of treatment.

Symptoms of Sinus Infection

When you have a sinus infection, also known as sinusitis, you may experience a variety of symptoms that can disrupt your daily life. It’s important to recognize these symptoms so you can seek the appropriate treatment you may need.

Pain and pressure: One of the most common symptoms of a sinus infection is pain and pressure in your forehead, cheeks, and around your eyes. This pain can range from mild to severe and may worsen when you bend over or lie down.

Nasal congestion: A sinus infection can cause your nasal passages to become blocked, making it difficult to breathe through your nose. You may also experience a runny or stuffy nose.

Thick yellow or green mucus: When you have a sinus infection, your body produces excess mucus as a response to the infection. This mucus can be thick, yellow, or green in color.

Cough and sore throat: It’s not uncommon to develop a cough and sore throat when you have a sinus infection. This occurs as the mucus from your sinuses drips down the back of your throat.

Fatigue: Sinus infections can leave you feeling tired and fatigued, even if you’ve had a full night’s sleep. This is because your body is working hard to fight off the infection.

Bad breath: The excess mucus and the presence of bacteria in your sinuses can contribute to bad breath.

If you’re experiencing these symptoms, it’s important to see a healthcare professional who can accurately diagnose your infection and determine if antibiotics are necessary for treatment.

When Antibiotics are Necessary

In most cases, sinus infections are caused by viruses and do not require antibiotics. However, there are certain situations where antibiotics may be necessary to treat a sinus infection.

1. Severe symptoms

If you have severe symptoms such as high fever, severe facial pain, swelling, or difficulty breathing, you may need antibiotics to help clear the infection.

2. Prolonged symptoms

If your symptoms last more than 10 days and are not improving, antibiotics may be necessary. This is especially true if you have had previous episodes of sinus infections that required antibiotics.

It’s important to remember that antibiotics should only be used when absolutely necessary. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, making it harder to treat infections in the future.

If you think you need antibiotics for a sinus infection, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional who can evaluate your symptoms and determine the appropriate treatment plan.

Effectiveness of Antibiotics for Sinus Infection

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for sinus infections, but their effectiveness in treating this condition is a topic of debate among medical professionals. Sinus infection, also known as sinusitis, is a common respiratory illness caused by inflammation of the sinus lining. It can be caused by a bacterial infection, a viral infection, or allergies.

Bacterial Sinus Infection

In cases where sinus infection is caused by bacteria, antibiotics are often prescribed to help eliminate the infection. Bacterial sinus infections can present with symptoms such as severe facial pain, nasal congestion, yellow or green nasal discharge, and fever. Antibiotics work by targeting and killing the bacteria responsible for the infection.

Viral Sinus Infection

However, the majority of sinus infections are viral in nature and antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. Viral sinus infections usually develop after a cold and present milder symptoms compared to bacterial infections. Symptoms may include nasal congestion, runny nose, facial pressure, and cough. Antibiotics are not recommended for viral sinus infections due to their inability to fight off viral infections.

It is important for healthcare providers to accurately assess the cause of the sinus infection before prescribing antibiotics. This can be done through a thorough examination of symptoms and sometimes further diagnostic tests, such as nasal endoscopy or imaging studies.

Additionally, overuse and misuse of antibiotics can contribute to antibiotic resistance, which is a growing concern in the medical community. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria adapt and become resistant to the effects of antibiotics, making them less effective in treating infections. Therefore, it is crucial to reserve antibiotic use for cases where bacterial infection is confirmed.

For mild sinus infections caused by viruses or allergies, treatment typically involves managing symptoms with over-the-counter pain relievers, decongestants, saline nasal irrigation, and rest. Patients are often advised to stay hydrated and use warm compresses to help alleviate symptoms.

In conclusion, while antibiotics can be effective for treating bacterial sinus infections, their use should be reserved for cases where bacterial infection is confirmed. Viral sinus infections and mild cases can often be managed with symptomatic treatment. It is important for healthcare providers and patients to have a thorough understanding of the cause of the sinus infection and the appropriate treatment approach to ensure optimal outcomes.

Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics

When it comes to sinus infections, antibiotics are often prescribed to help address the underlying bacterial infection. However, it’s important to note that not all sinus infections require antibiotics. In fact, the majority of sinus infections are caused by viruses, which do not respond to antibiotics.

For those cases where antibiotics are deemed necessary, there are several commonly prescribed options. The choice of antibiotic will depend on various factors, including the severity of the infection and the individual’s medical history.

Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin is one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics for sinus infections. It is a type of penicillin antibiotic that works by stopping the growth of bacteria. It is generally effective in treating mild to moderate sinus infections.

Augmentin

Augmentin is a combination antibiotic that contains amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium. This combination helps to enhance the effectiveness of amoxicillin, making it suitable for treating more severe sinus infections or cases where there is concern about antibiotic resistance.

Other commonly prescribed antibiotics for sinus infections include:

Antibiotic	Uses
Bactrim	Treats a variety of bacterial infections, including sinus infections
Zithromax (azithromycin)	Effective against certain types of bacteria that cause sinus infections
Cipro (ciprofloxacin)	Used for more severe or persistent sinus infections

It’s important to note that while antibiotics can be effective in treating bacterial sinus infections, they are not without risks. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can contribute to antibiotic resistance, making it more difficult to treat infections in the future. Therefore, it’s essential to only use antibiotics when they are truly needed.

Side Effects of Antibiotics

When it comes to treating sinus infections, antibiotics are often prescribed by doctors to help combat the infection and relieve symptoms. However, it is important to be aware of the potential side effects that can come with taking antibiotics.

While antibiotics can be effective at treating sinus infections, they can also cause a range of side effects. Common side effects include:

• Upset stomach or nausea
• Diarrhea
• Yeast infections
• Allergic reactions
• Skin rash or hives

In some cases, antibiotics can also lead to more serious side effects. These can include:

• Severe allergic reactions
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• Chest pain or tightness
• Swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
• Severe diarrhea
• Jaundice

If you experience any of these more serious side effects while taking antibiotics for a sinus infection, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

It is also worth noting that taking antibiotics unnecessarily can contribute to the problem of antibiotic resistance. This occurs when bacteria evolve and become resistant to the drugs that are designed to kill them. Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern and can make it more difficult to treat infections in the future.

While antibiotics can be an effective treatment for sinus infections, it is important to weigh the potential benefits against the potential side effects. If you are unsure whether antibiotics are necessary for your sinus infection, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide guidance based on your specific situation.

Alternatives to Antibiotics

While antibiotics may be necessary in some cases to treat sinus infections, there are also alternative treatments that can help alleviate symptoms and promote healing. These alternatives can be used alone or in combination with antibiotics, depending on the severity of the infection and the individual’s medical condition.

One alternative to antibiotics is nasal irrigation, which involves rinsing the sinuses with a saline solution. This can help flush out mucus, bacteria, and irritants, relieving congestion and reducing the risk of infection. Nasal irrigation can be done using a neti pot, a squeeze bottle, or a specially designed nasal irrigator.

Nasal corticosteroids are another non-antibiotic option for treating sinus infections. These medications are available as nasal sprays and work by reducing inflammation in the nasal passages, relieving congestion and improving breathing. They can be used as a long-term treatment for chronic sinusitis or as a short-term solution for acute sinus infections.

In addition to nasal irrigation and corticosteroids, over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage the pain and discomfort associated with sinus infections. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce inflammation and relieve pain. However, it is important to use these medications as directed and consult a healthcare professional if symptoms persist or worsen.

Other natural remedies such as steam inhalation, warm compresses, and herbal supplements may also provide relief from sinus infection symptoms. These remedies can help soothe irritated nasal passages, reduce congestion, and promote healing. However, it is always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before trying any new treatment, especially if you have underlying medical conditions or are taking other medications.

In conclusion, while antibiotics may be necessary in some cases to treat sinus infections, there are alternatives that can help alleviate symptoms and promote healing. Nasal irrigation, nasal corticosteroids, over-the-counter pain relievers, and natural remedies can all be effective options for managing sinus infection symptoms. It is important to consult a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment based on individual circumstances.

Preventing Sinus Infection

While antibiotics may be necessary in some cases, there are several steps you can take to prevent sinus infections:

Maintain Good Hygiene

• Wash your hands regularly with soap and water
• Avoid touching your face, especially your nose and eyes, with unwashed hands
• Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze

Stay Healthy

• Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables to boost your immune system
• Exercise regularly to strengthen your overall health
• Get enough sleep to allow your body to repair and regenerate

Avoid Allergens and Irritants

• Keep your living spaces clean and free of dust, mold, and pet dander
• Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air and prevent dryness in your nasal passages
• Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke
• Avoid strong chemical fumes and pollutants that can irritate your sinuses

Manage Allergies

• If you have allergies, take steps to manage them effectively, such as avoiding triggers, taking antihistamines, or getting allergy shots

By following these preventive measures, you can reduce your risk of developing a sinus infection and potentially avoid the need for antibiotics.

Self-Care for Sinus Infection

Sinus infections can be quite uncomfortable, but in many cases, they can be managed at home without the need for antibiotics. Here are some self-care measures you can take to help alleviate the symptoms and promote healing:

1. Nasal irrigation: Using a saline solution or a neti pot can help flush out mucus and relieve nasal congestion. This can be done multiple times a day to keep the sinuses clean.

2. Warm compress: Applying a warm compress over the sinuses can help soothe pain and reduce inflammation. You can use a warm washcloth or a heating pad for this purpose.

3. Steam inhalation: Inhaling steam from a bowl of hot water or taking a hot shower can help moisturize the sinuses and loosen mucus, making it easier to expel.

4. Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of fluids can help thin out mucus and promote drainage. Opt for water, herbal tea, and clear broths to stay hydrated.

5. Rest: Getting adequate rest allows your body to heal and recover faster. Make sure to take it easy and get enough sleep during a sinus infection.

6. Avoid irritants: Avoid exposure to smoke, strong chemicals, and other irritants that can further irritate the sinuses and prolong the infection.

If your symptoms worsen or persist for more than a week, it is important to seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider can assess your condition and determine if antibiotics or other treatments are necessary.

When to See a Doctor

If you suspect that you have a sinus infection, it is important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. While not all sinus infections require antibiotics, a healthcare professional can determine the best course of action based on the severity and duration of your symptoms.

It may be time to see a doctor if:

1.	Your sinus symptoms last for more than 10 days
2.	Your symptoms worsen after initially improving
3.	You develop a high fever
4.	You experience severe headache or facial pain
5.	Your symptoms are accompanied by vision changes or swelling around the eyes
6.	You have a weakened immune system

If you are unsure about the need for antibiotics or want a second opinion, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional. They can provide guidance and ensure that you receive appropriate treatment to relieve your sinus infection.

Diagnosing Sinus Infection

The need for antibiotics in treating a sinus infection depends on an accurate diagnosis. Sinus infections, also known as sinusitis, are usually caused by viruses and can be self-limited. Antibiotics are often not necessary for viral sinus infections since they do not effectively treat viral infections.

If symptoms last for more than 10 days and are not improving or if symptoms worsen after initial improvement, a bacterial sinus infection may be present. Bacterial infections are usually accompanied by thick yellow or green nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, and fever.

A healthcare provider can diagnose a sinus infection by evaluating the patient’s symptoms and performing a physical examination. The provider may look for signs of inflammation, such as redness and swelling in the nasal passages, and may use a light instrument called an otoscope to examine the inside of the nose and throat.

In some cases, a sinus CT scan may be ordered to get a detailed view of the sinuses. This can help identify any structural abnormalities or the presence of sinus polyps, which may contribute to chronic sinusitis.

It is important to note that not all cases of sinus infection require antibiotics. In cases where symptoms are mild and the infection is suspected to be viral, supportive care measures such as saline nasal irrigation, over-the-counter pain relievers, and rest may be recommended instead. Antibiotics should only be prescribed when there is a clear indication of a bacterial infection to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and the potential development of antibiotic resistance.

Treatment Options

When it comes to treating sinus infections, there are several treatment options available. It is important to note that not all cases of sinus infections require antibiotics. In fact, the majority of sinus infections are caused by viruses, which means that antibiotics are not effective in treating them.

1. Watchful Waiting

In many cases, sinus infections will resolve on their own without the need for any treatment. This approach, known as watchful waiting, involves managing symptoms and allowing the body to fight off the infection naturally. This can be a good option for mild infections or those caused by viruses.

2. Symptom Relief

If you are experiencing uncomfortable symptoms, such as nasal congestion or facial pain, over-the-counter medications can provide relief. Decongestants can help alleviate congestion, while pain relievers can reduce discomfort. Nasal saline irrigation can also be helpful in clearing out the sinuses and relieving symptoms.

3. Antibiotics

In some cases, antibiotics may be necessary to treat a sinus infection. This is especially true if the infection is bacterial or if symptoms persist for more than 10 days. Antibiotics work by killing the bacteria causing the infection. However, it is important to use antibiotics judiciously to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

4. Other Treatments

In addition to the options mentioned above, there are other treatments that may be recommended for sinus infections. These include nasal corticosteroids, which can reduce inflammation in the sinuses, and immunotherapy, which can help manage allergies that may be contributing to the infection.

Ultimately, the need for antibiotics in treating a sinus infection depends on the cause and severity of the infection. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate treatment option for your specific case.

Home Remedies for Sinus Infection

If you have a sinus infection, you may be wondering if antibiotics are necessary. While antibiotics can be effective in treating sinus infections caused by bacteria, they are not always required. In fact, most cases of sinusitis are caused by viruses, which do not respond to antibiotics.

Fortunately, there are several home remedies that can help relieve sinus infection symptoms and promote healing.

1. Saline Nasal Rinse

A saline nasal rinse can help clear the nasal passages and reduce congestion. You can use a neti pot or a squeeze bottle to rinse your sinuses with a saline solution. This can help flush out mucus and relieve inflammation in the sinus cavities.

2. Steam Inhalation

Inhaling steam can help moisturize the nasal passages and relieve congestion. You can simply lean over a bowl of hot water and inhale the steam, or you can use a steam inhaler. Adding a few drops of eucalyptus or peppermint oil to the water can provide additional relief.

In addition to these remedies, it’s important to stay hydrated, get plenty of rest, and avoid irritants such as cigarette smoke and allergens. You may also find relief from over-the-counter decongestants or pain relievers, but be sure to follow the instructions and talk to your doctor if you have any concerns or if your symptoms worsen.

Remember, if your symptoms persist or worsen after trying home remedies, it’s important to see a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. They can determine if antibiotics are necessary and prescribe them if needed.

Complications of Untreated Sinus Infection

If left untreated, a sinus infection can lead to several complications that may require medical intervention. While not all cases of sinusitis result in complications, it is important to be aware of the potential risks.

1. Chronic Sinusitis

One of the main complications of an untreated sinus infection is the development of chronic sinusitis. This occurs when the inflammation and infection persist for an extended period of time, typically lasting 12 weeks or more. Chronic sinusitis can cause ongoing discomfort and may require more aggressive treatment options.

2. Spread of Infection

Without proper treatment, a sinus infection can spread to nearby structures, such as the eyes, ears, and brain. This can lead to more severe infections in these areas and potentially cause vision problems, hearing loss, or even life-threatening conditions like meningitis or brain abscesses.

To illustrate the potential consequences, here is a table summarizing the possible complications of an untreated sinus infection:

Potential Complications	Description
Chronic Sinusitis	Persistent inflammation and infection lasting 12 weeks or more, requiring more intensive treatment
Spread of Infection	Infection can spread to nearby structures, such as the eyes, ears, and brain, leading to more severe complications
Secondary Infections	Untreated sinusitis can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to secondary infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia
Asthma Exacerbation	Sinusitis can trigger or worsen symptoms of asthma, leading to increased respiratory difficulties
Loss of Smell and Taste	Prolonged inflammation can damage the olfactory nerves, resulting in a loss of the ability to smell or taste

While not everyone who develops a sinus infection will experience these complications, the potential risks highlight the need for appropriate treatment and timely medical intervention. It is important to consult a healthcare provider if you suspect a sinus infection to prevent any potential complications and ensure a speedy recovery.

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Sinus Infection (Sinusitis). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/sinusitis/index.html
• Aronson, J. K., & Henderson, G. (2018). Antibiotics for Sinus Infection. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535382/
• Gwaltney Jr, J. M., & Scheld, W. M. (2010). Sinusitis. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1502138/
• Young, J., & Hata, A. (2018). Antibiotics for Sinus Infection: Best Options for Treatment. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/sinus-infection-antibiotics

Question and answer:

What is a sinus infection?

A sinus infection, or sinusitis, is the inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses. It is usually caused by a viral infection, but can also be a result of bacterial or fungal infections.

How long does a sinus infection typically last?

The duration of a sinus infection can vary. Acute sinusitis usually lasts for about 4-12 weeks, while chronic sinusitis can persist for longer than 12 weeks. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen.

Can a sinus infection go away on its own without antibiotics?

Yes, in many cases a sinus infection can resolve on its own without the need for antibiotics. Sinus infections caused by viruses usually improve within one to two weeks without intervention. However, if symptoms worsen or persist, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

When are antibiotics necessary for a sinus infection?

Antibiotics may be necessary for a sinus infection when symptoms are severe, persist for more than 10 days, or worsen after initial improvement. Additionally, if there are signs of a bacterial infection, such as high fever, thick nasal discharge, or facial pain, antibiotics may be prescribed by a healthcare professional.

What are the potential risks of taking antibiotics for a sinus infection?

Taking antibiotics for a sinus infection can have some potential risks. Antibiotics can cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and allergic reactions. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can also contribute to antibiotic resistance, which can make infections more difficult to treat in the future. Therefore, it is important to take antibiotics only when necessary and as prescribed by a healthcare professional.

What are the common symptoms of a sinus infection?

The common symptoms of a sinus infection include nasal congestion, facial pain or pressure, headache, and thick nasal discharge.

Can a sinus infection go away on its own without antibiotics?

Yes, a sinus infection can go away on its own without antibiotics. In many cases, sinus infections are caused by viruses, which do not respond to antibiotics. The body’s immune system can usually clear the infection within a few weeks.

When should antibiotics be used to treat a sinus infection?

Antibiotics should be used to treat a sinus infection when it is caused by bacteria. Bacterial sinus infections are less common than viral sinus infections, but they can cause more severe symptoms and may require treatment with antibiotics to prevent complications.

What are the risks of taking antibiotics for a sinus infection?

There are several risks associated with taking antibiotics for a sinus infection. Antibiotics can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and allergic reactions. Overuse of antibiotics can also contribute to antibiotic resistance, making it harder to treat bacterial infections in the future.