The Croup Virus – Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention Strategies

The Croup virus is a common respiratory illness that usually affects children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. It is characterized by a distinctive barking cough, hoarse voice, and difficulty breathing. This viral infection primarily affects the upper airway, including the larynx and trachea. Although it can be unsettling for parents to witness their child experiencing symptoms of Croup, it is usually a mild condition that can be effectively managed and treated at home.

The main symptom of Croup is a persistent and harsh cough that sounds like a seal barking. The cough is caused by inflammation and swelling of the larynx, which leads to narrowed air passages. As a result, a child with Croup may also experience difficulty breathing, especially during periods of activity or excitement. In some cases, this can be accompanied by a low-grade fever. It is important to monitor a child’s breathing while they are sleeping, as Croup symptoms can worsen at night.

Treating Croup typically involves providing relief for the child’s symptoms and ensuring their comfort. This may include using a humidifier or taking the child into a steamy bathroom to help alleviate the cough and ease breathing. Over-the-counter pain relievers can be used to reduce fever and discomfort. In more severe cases, a doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids to help reduce the inflammation and swelling in the airways. It is important to follow the recommended treatment plan and consult a healthcare professional if symptoms persist or worsen.

Prevention of the Croup virus mainly involves implementing good hygiene practices to minimize the risk of viral infections. This includes regular handwashing, avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick, and ensuring that children receive recommended vaccinations, such as the flu vaccine. Parents should also try to keep their child’s environment clean and free from irritants that may trigger respiratory symptoms. By taking these preventive measures, parents can help reduce the likelihood of their child developing the Croup virus and other respiratory illnesses.

Understanding the Croup Virus

Croup is a common respiratory infection in children that affects the larynx and the trachea, making it difficult for them to breathe properly. The virus responsible for croup is typically the parainfluenza virus, although other viral infections can also cause similar symptoms.

One of the key symptoms of croup is a hoarse voice, which is the result of inflammation and swelling of the vocal cords. This hoarseness can make the child’s breathing sound raspy or strained. Another characteristic symptom is a barking cough, which is caused by the narrowing of the airway due to the infection.

Croup is most commonly seen in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years, although older children can also be affected. The virus is highly contagious and can spread easily through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes.

Treatment for croup focuses on providing relief for the symptoms and reducing inflammation. This can involve using cool mist humidifiers, giving the child fluids to keep them hydrated, and using over-the-counter pain relievers to reduce fever and discomfort. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor the child’s breathing and administer medication.

Prevention of croup involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contact with individuals who have respiratory infections. It is also recommended to keep your child up to date with their vaccinations, as some vaccines can protect against the viruses that cause croup.

In conclusion, understanding the croup virus is important for parents and caregivers to recognize the symptoms and seek appropriate treatment. Prompt medical attention and preventive measures can help manage the infection and reduce the risk of complications.

What is Croup?

Croup is a viral infection that commonly affects young children, causing inflammation of the larynx and trachea. It is characterized by a hoarse voice, difficulty breathing, and a harsh, barking cough.

The most common cause of croup is a virus, typically the parainfluenza virus. This virus can be transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Croup is more common in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years, but it can also affect older children and adults.

The symptoms of croup often start with a cold, including a runny nose, fever, and cough. As the infection progresses, the cough becomes more severe and may sound like a barking seal. The child may also experience difficulty breathing, especially when inhaling. In some cases, croup can cause a high fever.

Treatment for croup typically involves alleviating the symptoms and managing the infection. This may include using a cool-mist humidifier to soothe the airways, giving over-the-counter pain relievers to reduce fever and discomfort, and encouraging fluids to prevent dehydration. In severe cases, medical intervention may be necessary, such as administering oral or injected steroids to reduce inflammation.

Prevention

Preventing the spread of the croup virus involves practicing good hygiene and taking precautionary measures. These include:

• Washing hands frequently with soap and water
• Using hand sanitizer when soap and water are not available
• Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
• Avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick
• Keeping common surfaces clean and disinfected

While it is not always possible to prevent croup entirely, these measures can help reduce the risk of spreading the virus and minimize its impact.

About the Croup Virus

The croup virus is a type of respiratory virus that primarily affects the larynx and trachea. It belongs to the same family as the common cold virus and is commonly spread through respiratory droplets. The virus can cause inflammation and swelling in the airways, leading to the characteristic symptoms of croup.

It is important to seek medical attention if your child exhibits symptoms of croup, especially if they are having difficulty breathing or their symptoms worsen. A healthcare professional can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options to manage the virus and alleviate symptoms.

Croup Symptoms

Children who are infected with the croup virus often experience symptoms that affect their respiratory system. The infection primarily affects the larynx, causing it to become swollen and leading to various symptoms.

Hoarse Voice

One common symptom of croup is a hoarse voice. Children may sound raspy or have difficulty speaking clearly. The hoarseness is a result of the inflammation in the larynx, which affects the vocal cords.

Fever

Another symptom of croup is fever. Children may develop a high body temperature, typically over 100.4°F (38°C). The fever is the body’s natural response to the infection and inflammation caused by the virus.

In addition to a hoarse voice and fever, children with croup often experience a barking cough. This cough is distinctive and can sound like a seal or a barking dog. The cough is caused by the swelling in the throat and larynx, which affects the airflow during exhalation.

Moreover, children with croup may also have difficulty breathing. The swelling in the larynx can narrow the airway, making it harder for children to take deep breaths. This can lead to labored breathing and a feeling of breathlessness.

In summary, the common symptoms of croup in children include a hoarse voice, fever, barking cough, and difficulty breathing. It is important to seek medical attention if your child exhibits these symptoms in order to receive proper treatment and care.

Common Symptoms	Causes
Hoarse voice	Inflammation in the larynx
Fever	Infection and inflammation
Barking cough	Swelling in the throat and larynx
Difficulty breathing	Narrowing of the airway

Croup Treatment Options

When it comes to treating croup, there are several options that can help alleviate symptoms and promote a speedy recovery.

Virus management: Since croup is usually caused by a viral infection, treatment mainly focuses on managing the symptoms rather than targeting the virus itself. This means that antiviral medications are typically not prescribed for croup.

Rest and hydration: Ensuring that children with croup get plenty of rest and stay hydrated is essential. Adequate rest allows the body to recover, while keeping hydrated helps thin out mucus and ease coughing.

Humidifier or steam: Breathing in moist air can help soothe the respiratory system and ease breathing difficulties. Using a humidifier or having the child sit in a steamy bathroom for a few minutes can provide relief. However, be cautious of burns and never leave a child unsupervised near hot water or steam.

Elevated sleep position: Raising the head of the child’s bed slightly can alleviate symptoms by reducing throat irritation and improving breathing. This can be achieved by adding an extra pillow or using a wedge pillow specifically made for children.

Fever management: If a child with croup has a fever, over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce fever and provide comfort. Always follow dosing instructions and consult a healthcare professional if unsure.

Soothing coughs: Coughing is a common symptom of croup, as it helps clear the airways. However, persistent, severe coughing can be uncomfortable. Honey is often recommended to soothe coughs in children over the age of one, as long as they do not have a history of allergies. Always check with a healthcare professional before giving honey to a child.

Medical intervention: In severe cases of croup, medical intervention may be necessary. This can include administering steroids, such as dexamethasone, to reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways. In rare cases, hospitalization may be required for further monitoring and treatment.

It is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan for children with croup. They can provide specific guidance based on the child’s age, severity of symptoms, and medical history.

Home Remedies for Croup

If your child is experiencing symptoms of croup, there are several home remedies you can try to help alleviate their discomfort:

1. Moist air: Breathing in moist air can help soothe the inflamed larynx and respiratory passages. Try running a hot shower, closing the bathroom door, and sitting with your child in the steamy room for 10-15 minutes.
2. Cool mist humidifier: Using a cool mist humidifier in your child’s bedroom can help add moisture to the air, making it easier for them to breathe.
3. Hydration: Encourage your child to drink plenty of fluids to help thin out mucus and ease coughing.
4. Rest: Make sure your child gets plenty of rest to help their body fight off the viral infection.
5. Elevated head position: Prop your child’s head up on a pillow while they sleep to help reduce coughing and facilitate easier breathing.
6. Warm liquids: Offering warm liquids, such as chicken soup or herbal tea, can help soothe the throat and provide comfort.
7. Cool air: Taking your child outside to breathe in cool air can help reduce swelling in the airways and alleviate symptoms.
8. Avoid irritants: Keep your child away from smoke, dust, and other irritants that can trigger coughing and worsen symptoms.

While these home remedies can provide temporary relief, it is important to seek medical attention if your child’s symptoms worsen or if they have difficulty breathing.

When to Seek Medical Attention

If your child is experiencing severe breathing difficulties, it is important to seek immediate medical attention. Difficulty breathing with a high-pitched sound, known as stridor, may indicate infection and inflammation in the larynx, commonly caused by the croup virus.

In addition, if your child has a persistent fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius) or if their symptoms worsen after a few days, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional.

Signs that require medical attention:

• Refusal to eat or drink
• Extreme fatigue or weakness
• Bluish tint to the lips or face
• Severe cough that persists or worsens
• Difficulty swallowing or excessive drooling

Seeking medical attention promptly is crucial in managing and treating croup effectively. Your healthcare provider will be able to determine the best course of treatment and provide appropriate care for your child’s respiratory health.

Croup Risk Factors

While anyone can get croup, there are certain factors that may increase a child’s risk of developing this respiratory infection. Understanding these risk factors can help parents and caregivers take necessary precautions and seek prompt medical attention.

Age

Croup is most common in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. This is because the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe) in young children are narrower, making them more susceptible to the swelling and narrowing that occurs during a croup infection.

Previous Infections

Children who have had croup before are more likely to experience it again. Recurring croup infections can be a sign of an underdeveloped immune response or vulnerability to respiratory viruses.

In addition, children with a history of frequent respiratory infections or asthma may also have an increased risk of developing croup.

Exposure to Viruses

Croup is usually caused by viral infections, particularly the parainfluenza virus. Children who are regularly exposed to viruses, such as those who attend daycare or have siblings, may have a higher risk of developing croup.

It is important to note that not all children who are exposed to the virus will develop croup. The immune system’s response to the virus plays a significant role in determining whether a child will develop symptoms.

Environmental Factors

Certain environmental factors can also contribute to the risk of croup. Cold and dry weather conditions, particularly in the fall and winter months, can increase the likelihood of developing croup. The dry air can irritate the airways and make them more susceptible to infection.

Exposure to secondhand smoke or other respiratory irritants can also increase the risk of croup in children.

It is important to be aware of these risk factors and take appropriate measures to prevent and manage croup infections. This includes practicing good hygiene, ensuring children receive recommended vaccinations, and seeking medical attention if symptoms, such as a hoarse cough, fever, or difficulty breathing, develop.

Preventing Croup

Preventing croup involves taking measures to reduce the risk of infection and minimize the severity of symptoms. Some steps you can take to prevent croup include:

1. Good hand hygiene

Regularly washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds can help prevent the spread of the virus that causes croup. Encourage children to wash their hands frequently, especially before eating or touching their face.

2. Avoid contact with infected individuals

Croup is highly contagious and is typically spread through respiratory droplets. Avoid close contact with individuals who have fever, cough, or other symptoms of a respiratory infection.

3. Keep common areas clean

Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces, such as doorknobs, toys, and countertops, can help reduce the spread of the virus. Use an appropriate disinfectant that is effective against respiratory viruses.

4. Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing

Encourage children to cover their mouth and nose with a tissue or their elbow when they cough or sneeze. This can help prevent the spread of respiratory droplets that may contain the virus.

5. Stay away from smoke and other irritants

Exposure to smoke and other irritants can increase the risk and severity of croup symptoms. Avoid smoking or exposing children to secondhand smoke. Use caution when using chemicals or cleaning products that may irritate the respiratory system.

By following these preventive measures, you can help reduce the risk of croup and protect your child from the discomfort and potential complications associated with the infection. If your child develops symptoms of croup, such as a hoarse voice, difficulty breathing, or a fever, seek medical attention promptly.

Is Croup Contagious?

Croup is contagious and can easily spread from one person to another. The main way it spreads is through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets can contain the virus that causes croup and can infect others who come into contact with them.

Children are more susceptible to croup because their airways are smaller and more prone to infection. The virus typically affects the larynx and trachea, causing them to become swollen and narrow. This leads to the characteristic hoarse cough and difficulty breathing that are common symptoms of croup.

It is important to take precautions to prevent the spread of croup. This includes covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, washing your hands regularly, and avoiding close contact with someone who has croup. If your child has croup, it is best to keep them home from school or daycare until they are no longer contagious.

If you suspect your child has croup, you should seek medical attention. A healthcare professional can diagnose croup based on the symptoms and may recommend treatments such as humidified air, steroids, or in severe cases, hospitalization. It is also important to monitor for any signs of a fever, as this can indicate a more serious infection.

Overall, understanding that croup is contagious can help you take the necessary measures to prevent its spread and protect yourself and your family from this respiratory virus.

Croup Complications

The croup virus is a common respiratory infection in children that affects the larynx and trachea, causing hoarseness and a barking cough. While most cases of croup are mild and can be managed at home, there can be complications that require medical attention.

Difficulty breathing

In some cases, the swelling of the airways caused by the croup virus can lead to difficulty breathing. This can be a serious complication and may require immediate medical intervention. If your child is struggling to breathe, seek medical help right away.

Bacterial infection

In rare cases, croup can lead to a secondary bacterial infection, such as pneumonia or ear infection. This happens when the respiratory tract is already compromised by the viral infection, making it easier for bacteria to invade and cause further illness. If your child’s symptoms worsen or persist, consult a healthcare professional to rule out a bacterial infection.

It’s important to note that while croup can have complications, most children recover fully without any lasting effects. However, it’s always better to be safe than sorry, so if you have any concerns about your child’s health, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice.

Diagnosing Croup

Diagnosing croup can often be done through a physical examination and evaluation of a child’s symptoms. Doctors typically look for specific signs of croup, including a hoarse voice, a barking cough, and noisy breathing.

During the examination, the doctor will listen to the child’s breathing and may use a stethoscope to detect any abnormal sounds in the lungs or airways. They may also check the child’s temperature to see if they have a fever, which can be a sign of an infection.

In some cases, additional tests may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of croup. These tests may include a throat swab or a blood test to identify the specific virus causing the infection. However, these tests are not always required, as the symptoms are often enough to diagnose croup.

If your child is experiencing symptoms of croup, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Croup and Asthma

Croup and asthma are both respiratory conditions that can affect children, causing breathing difficulties and coughing.

Croup is a viral infection that primarily affects the larynx and trachea, causing inflammation and narrowing of the airways. This can result in a distinctive barking cough, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing, especially during the night. Children with croup may also experience a fever and a runny nose.

Asthma, on the other hand, is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which can be triggered by various factors, such as allergens, exercise, or cold air. Common symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

While croup is usually caused by a viral infection, asthma can have both viral and allergic triggers. Additionally, children who have had croup in the past may be more likely to develop asthma later in life.

Because both conditions can cause breathing difficulties in children, it is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the symptoms and seek appropriate medical treatment. If a child is experiencing severe breathing difficulties, wheezing, or blue lips, it is important to seek emergency medical care immediately.

Treatment for croup may include humidified air, corticosteroids, and in severe cases, nebulized epinephrine. Asthma treatment typically involves the use of inhalers or nebulizers to deliver bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications.

Preventing Croup and Asthma:

While it may not be possible to completely prevent croup or asthma, there are some steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of infection and asthma attacks. These include:

1. Good hygiene practices: Teaching children to wash their hands frequently, especially during cold and flu seasons, can help reduce the spread of viruses that can cause croup.
2. Vaccinations: Ensuring that children receive recommended vaccinations, such as the flu vaccine, can help protect against viruses that can cause croup.
3. Avoiding triggers: For children with asthma, identifying and avoiding triggers, such as allergens or cold air, can help prevent asthma attacks.
4. Regular check-ups: Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help monitor any respiratory symptoms and ensure that appropriate treatment is provided.

By understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for croup and asthma, parents and caregivers can better help their children manage these respiratory conditions.

Croup in Adults

Croup is a respiratory illness that is commonly associated with children, but it can also affect adults. While it is more prevalent in children, adults can still be susceptible to the virus.

Symptoms

Adults who develop croup may experience similar symptoms to children, although they may not be as severe. Typically, adults with croup will have a hoarse voice, difficulty breathing, and a harsh, barking cough. They may also have a fever and feel generally unwell.

Treatment

Just like with children, adults with croup can find relief through home remedies and over-the-counter medications. Resting, staying hydrated, and using a humidifier may help alleviate symptoms. Over-the-counter pain relievers and cough suppressants can also be useful.

It is important for adults with croup to see a healthcare professional if their symptoms worsen or if they experience difficulty breathing. In severe cases, medical intervention, such as oral or inhaled steroids, may be necessary to reduce inflammation in the airways.

Prevention

Preventing the spread of the croup virus is essential in both children and adults. Practicing good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, can help reduce the risk of transmission. Additionally, avoiding close contact with individuals who have respiratory infections can also minimize the chances of contracting croup.

While croup is more commonly associated with children, adults should be aware of the symptoms and take appropriate measures to prevent the spread of the virus. Seeking medical attention when necessary and practicing good hygiene can help adults recover more quickly from this respiratory illness.

Croup vs. Epiglottitis

Croup and epiglottitis are both viral infections that affect the respiratory system in children. While they have some similarities, there are important differences between the two conditions.

Croup

Croup is caused by a virus that leads to inflammation of the upper airway, specifically the larynx and trachea. It is characterized by a hoarse cough, difficulty breathing, and a barking or seal-like sound when coughing. Children with croup may also have a low-grade fever.

The virus that causes croup is most common in children between the ages of six months and three years. It is easily spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Treatment for croup typically involves keeping the child calm and providing them with plenty of fluids. In some cases, your child’s doctor may prescribe medications like a steroid to reduce inflammation and improve breathing. Most cases of croup resolve within a few days, although the cough may linger for a week or two.

Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis is also a viral infection that affects the throat, specifically the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a small flap of tissue that prevents food and fluid from entering the windpipe during swallowing.

Children with epiglottitis will often have a high fever and experience difficulty swallowing. They may also have a muffled or croaking voice, drooling, and difficulty breathing. Unlike croup, the cough associated with epiglottitis is typically absent or minimal.

Epiglottitis is considered a medical emergency, as it can rapidly progress and obstruct the airway. Treatment usually involves hospitalization and the administration of antibiotics and oxygen. In severe cases, a tracheostomy may be necessary to help the child breathe.

It is important for parents to be aware of the symptoms of both croup and epiglottitis and seek medical attention if their child is exhibiting difficulty breathing or swallowing.

In conclusion, while croup and epiglottitis are both viral infections that affect the respiratory system in children, they have distinct symptoms and treatment approaches. Understanding the differences can help parents recognize the signs and seek appropriate medical care.

Croup vs. Whooping Cough

Croup and whooping cough are both respiratory conditions that primarily affect children. While they share some similarities in the symptoms they cause, they are caused by different viruses and require different forms of treatment.

Croup is a viral infection that affects the larynx and trachea, causing swelling and narrowing of the airways. This leads to a distinct “barking” cough and hoarse voice. Children with croup may also experience difficulty breathing, especially during nighttime. In some cases, croup can be accompanied by fever.

Whooping cough, or pertussis, is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It also affects the respiratory system, particularly the airways and lungs. Unlike croup, whooping cough is known for its long fits of rapid coughing followed by a characteristic high-pitched “whooping” sound as the infected person tries to catch their breath. fever is also common with whooping cough.

Both croup and whooping cough are highly contagious and can spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. They can also be transmitted by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus or bacteria and then touching the face or mouth.

Treatment for croup often involves home remedies such as keeping the child hydrated, using a humidifier to ease breathing, and providing over-the-counter pain relievers if necessary. In severe cases, medical intervention may be necessary to open up the airways. Whooping cough, on the other hand, usually requires antibiotics to treat the bacterial infection. Vaccination is the best method for preventing both croup and whooping cough in children.

• Croup is a viral infection that affects the larynx and trachea.
• Whooping cough, or pertussis, is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
• Both conditions can cause difficulty breathing and fever, but whooping cough is known for its distinct “whooping” sound.
• Croup can be treated with home remedies, while whooping cough requires antibiotics.
• Both croup and whooping cough can be prevented through vaccination.

Croup in Babies

Croup is a viral respiratory infection that affects the larynx and trachea, leading to swelling and narrowing of the airways. While it can affect people of all ages, it is most commonly found in children between the ages of six months and three years.

When babies have croup, they may experience symptoms such as fever, difficulty breathing, and a barking cough. Their breathing may become noisy and labored, often resulting in a high-pitched sound called stridor.

It is important to seek medical attention if your baby is experiencing these symptoms, as croup can sometimes lead to severe breathing difficulties. The doctor will be able to diagnose croup based on the symptoms and a physical examination of your baby’s throat and lungs.

While most cases of croup can be managed at home with measures such as keeping your baby hydrated, using a humidifier, and providing comfort and reassurance, severe cases may require hospitalization. In some cases, the doctor may prescribe medications such as corticosteroids to reduce airway inflammation and improve breathing.

Preventing croup in babies can be challenging, as it is caused by a viral infection. However, practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with sick individuals, can help reduce the risk of exposure to the virus. Additionally, keeping your baby up to date with routine vaccinations can provide some protection against certain viruses that can cause croup.

In conclusion, croup is a common respiratory infection that can affect babies, causing symptoms such as fever, breathing difficulties, and a barking cough. While it can be managed at home in most cases, it is important to seek medical attention if the symptoms worsen or become severe. Taking preventive measures, such as practicing good hygiene and ensuring vaccinations are up to date, can help reduce the risk of croup in babies.

Q&A:

What is croup?

Croup is a viral infection that affects the upper airway, causing inflammation and making it difficult for a child to breathe.

How is croup spread?

Croup is spread through respiratory droplets, usually when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

What are the symptoms of croup?

The symptoms of croup include a barking cough, hoarse voice, difficulty breathing, and a harsh, high-pitched sound when breathing in.

What is the treatment for croup?

Treatment for croup often involves using humidified air to help open the airways, as well as medications such as corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.

How can croup be prevented?

Croup can be prevented by practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Getting the flu vaccine can also help prevent croup.

What is the croup virus?

The croup virus is a viral infection that affects the upper airways, primarily the vocal cords and windpipe.

What are the symptoms of croup?

The symptoms of croup include a barking cough, hoarseness, difficulty breathing, and a harsh, raspy or squeaky noise when breathing in.

How is croup treated?

Croup is usually treated with at-home care, such as keeping the child calm and comfortable, using a humidifier, and giving them plenty of fluids. In more severe cases, a doctor may prescribe medication to help reduce the inflammation in the airways.

How can croup be prevented?

Croup can be prevented by practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and keeping children up to date on their vaccinations.