The Ultimate Guide to Understanding and Treating Ringworm Rash

Ringworm rash, also known as tinea corporis, is a fungal infection that affects the skin. Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm, but by a fungus that lives on the outer layer of the skin. It is called ringworm because the infection often appears as a ring-shaped rash with redness and raised blisters.

The main symptom of ringworm rash is itching. The infected area may feel itchy and irritated, leading to intense scratching and discomfort. This can further aggravate the skin and cause the rash to spread to other parts of the body. Ringworm rash can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most commonly found on the arms, legs, chest, and back.

Ringworm rash can also affect the scalp, causing redness and scaling of the scalp, as well as hair loss in some cases. This condition, known as tinea capitis, is more common in children and can be easily spread through close contact or sharing personal items such as hats, combs, or towels.

What is Ringworm?

Ringworm is a common fungal infection that affects the skin and scalp. Despite its name, it is not caused by a worm, but rather by a type of fungus called dermatophytes.

The infection can occur on any part of the body, but is most commonly found on the scalp, feet, and groin. When it affects the scalp, it is known as tinea capitis.

Ringworm appears as a red, scaly rash that may be itchy or cause discomfort. In some cases, it can also cause blisters or pustules to form, which can be filled with fluid.

How does Ringworm spread?

Ringworm is highly contagious and can be easily transmitted from person to person or through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. The fungus thrives in warm, moist environments such as locker rooms, swimming pools, and shared combs or hats.

Direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or animal, such as petting an infected dog or cat, can also lead to the spread of ringworm.

Treatment for Ringworm

Ringworm can usually be treated with antifungal medications, either in the form of topical creams or oral tablets. It is important to follow the prescribed treatment regimen and continue treatment for the recommended duration to fully eliminate the infection.

Additionally, it is important to practice good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items such as towels, clothing, or hairbrushes to prevent the spread of ringworm.

If the infection is severe or persists despite treatment, it is advisable to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions or complications.

Common Symptoms of Ringworm Rash

Ringworm rash is a fungal infection that can affect different parts of the body, including the scalp, body, and groin. It is characterized by redness and a ring-shaped rash, hence the name “ringworm.”

The main symptom of ringworm rash is the appearance of red, raised, and itchy patches on the skin. These patches may be circular or oval and may develop blisters or scales. The affected area may also be slightly swollen.

The rash can be itchy and cause discomfort, leading to scratching and potentially spreading the infection to other parts of the body. It is important to avoid scratching the affected area to prevent further spread.

In some cases, ringworm rash can cause hair loss if it affects the scalp. The affected area may become bald or develop patches of missing hair.

If you suspect you have ringworm rash, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. A healthcare professional can prescribe antifungal medication to eliminate the fungus and relieve the symptoms.

Important Note: Ringworm is highly contagious, so it is crucial to take preventive measures to avoid spreading the infection to others. This includes avoiding direct contact with infected individuals, not sharing personal items, and practicing good hygiene.

In summary, common symptoms of ringworm rash include:

• Redness and rash on the skin
• Itching and discomfort
• Circular or oval-shaped patches
• Blisters or scales
• Possible hair loss if the scalp is affected

How Does Ringworm Spread?

Ringworm is a common fungal infection that can affect the skin and scalp. It is caused by a fungus, not a worm, despite its name. The infection can result in a red and itchy rash on the skin.

Ringworm is highly contagious and can easily spread from person to person. It can be transmitted by direct contact with an infected person or animal. Sharing personal items such as towels, clothing, and combs can also spread the infection.

The fungi that cause ringworm thrive in warm and moist environments. They can be found on floors, carpets, and surfaces that have come into contact with an infected individual. This makes public places such as locker rooms, gyms, and swimming pools potential sources of infection.

When a person comes into contact with the fungus, they may not develop symptoms immediately. It can take anywhere from 4 to 14 days for the rash to appear. During this time, the person may unknowingly spread the infection to others.

To prevent the spread of ringworm, it is important to practice good hygiene. This includes regularly washing hands, avoiding sharing personal items, and keeping the affected area clean and dry.

If you suspect you have ringworm or have been in contact with someone who has the infection, it is important to seek medical attention. A healthcare professional can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options to help clear the infection.

Common ways ringworm spreads:
Direct contact with an infected person or animal
Sharing personal items like towels, clothing, and combs
Coming into contact with surfaces or objects that have the fungus

Risk Factors for Ringworm Infections

Ringworm infections are caused by a fungus that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, scalp, and nails. Certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing a ringworm infection.

1. Close Contact with Infected Individuals

Ringworm is highly contagious and can spread through direct contact with infected individuals. Sharing personal items, such as clothing, towels, or combs, with someone who has a ringworm infection can increase the risk of contracting the fungus.

2. Poor Hygiene

Inadequate hygiene practices can also contribute to the risk of ringworm infections. Not washing your hands regularly, especially after touching animals or contaminated surfaces, can increase the chances of coming into contact with the fungus.

3. Warm and Humid Environments

The fungus that causes ringworm thrives in warm and humid environments. Excessive sweating or living in areas with high humidity levels can create an environment that is conducive to the growth and spread of the fungus.

4. Weakened Immune System

A weakened immune system can make individuals more susceptible to ringworm infections. Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or certain medications that suppress the immune system can compromise the body’s ability to fight off the fungus.

5. Participation in Certain Activities

Engaging in activities that involve close contact with others or sharing equipment can increase the risk of ringworm infections. These activities may include contact sports, wrestling, or using communal showers in gyms or public places.

It’s important to be aware of these risk factors and take necessary precautions to prevent ringworm infections. Practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and keeping the skin clean and dry can help reduce the risk of developing a ringworm infection.

Types of Ringworm Infections

Ringworm, also known as dermatophytosis, is a common fungal infection that affects the skin. It is characterized by an itchy, red, and scaly rash that can appear as a circular or ring-shaped patch on the skin. The infection is caused by various types of fungi called dermatophytes.

There are several types of ringworm infections, each named after the part of the body that it affects:

1. Tinea Capitis

Tinea capitis is a ringworm infection that affects the scalp. It often occurs in children and can cause hair loss or broken hairs near the scalp. It may present as a scaly, red patch or a pus-filled bump.

2. Tinea Corporis

Tinea corporis, also known as ringworm of the body, is a ringworm infection that affects the skin on the body, excluding the scalp, groin, and feet. It can cause circular or oval-shaped rashes with a raised, scaly border and clear center.

3. Tinea Cruris

Tinea cruris, commonly known as jock itch, is a ringworm infection that affects the groin area. It is more common in males and can cause intense itching, redness, and a rash that appears as a chafed, scaly, or flaky area.

4. Tinea Pedis

Tinea pedis, or athlete’s foot, is a ringworm infection that affects the feet, particularly the skin between the toes. It can cause itching, redness, blisters, and peeling skin. It is commonly contracted in warm and moist environments such as locker rooms or swimming pools.

5. Tinea Barbae

Tinea barbae is a ringworm infection that affects the beard and facial hair areas. It is more commonly seen in adult men and can cause hair loss, itching, and a rash that appears as red, scaly patches with pus-filled bumps.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a ringworm infection. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as topical creams or oral medications, to eliminate the fungus and relieve the symptoms.

Ringworm in Children

Ringworm is a common fungal infection that can affect children of all ages. It is caused by a type of fungus called dermatophyte, which thrives in warm, moist environments. Children are more prone to ringworm because they often come into contact with the fungus through shared items, such as combs, hats, and pillows.

Ringworm can occur on any part of the body, including the scalp, causing a condition known as scalp ringworm. In children, scalp ringworm can result in itchy, red patches on the scalp, which may be accompanied by hair loss. Blisters or scaly patches may also develop, causing discomfort and irritation.

If left untreated, ringworm can spread to other parts of the body, leading to more severe symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if your child develops symptoms of ringworm.

Treatment for ringworm in children typically involves antifungal medications, which can be applied topically or taken orally, depending on the severity of the infection. It is important to follow the prescribed treatment plan and maintain good hygiene practices to prevent the spread of the fungus to others.

Preventing ringworm in children can be achieved by practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, avoiding sharing personal items, and keeping the skin clean and dry. Regularly washing and disinfecting shared items, such as combs and hats, can also help prevent the transmission of the fungus.

Overall, ringworm is a common fungal infection that can affect children, particularly on the scalp. By recognizing the symptoms and seeking proper treatment, you can help alleviate discomfort and prevent the spread of the infection to others.

Ringworm in Adults

Ringworm is a common fungal infection that can affect adults of all ages. It is characterized by an itchy, red rash that often forms in a ring shape on the skin’s surface. Although the name suggests otherwise, ringworm is not caused by a worm, but rather by a fungus.

The fungus that causes ringworm can be found in various places, such as on animals, in soil, and on contaminated surfaces. When it comes into contact with the skin, it can begin to grow and cause an infection. Adults can develop ringworm on different parts of their body, including the scalp, nails, and skin.

Symptoms of Ringworm

The main symptom of ringworm in adults is the presence of a red, circular rash on the affected area. This rash is often accompanied by itching, which can be quite intense and bothersome. The affected skin may also become scaly, and in some cases, blisters may develop. If ringworm develops on the scalp, hair loss and bald patches may occur.

In addition to these symptoms, some adults may experience secondary bacterial infections due to scratching the affected area. This can result in increased redness, swelling, and pus-filled sores.

Treatment of Ringworm

If you suspect that you have ringworm, it is important to see a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis. They may examine the affected area and take a sample of the skin for further testing. Treatment options for ringworm in adults may include topical antifungal creams, oral antifungal medications, or a combination of both.

It is also important to practice good hygiene and follow treatment instructions to prevent the spread of ringworm to others. This includes keeping the affected area clean and dry, avoiding sharing personal items such as towels and clothing, and washing bedding and clothing on a regular basis.

In conclusion, ringworm is a common fungal infection that can affect adults. It is characterized by an itchy, red rash and is caused by a fungus. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent the spread of infection.

Ringworm in Pets

Ringworm is a common fungal infection that can affect not only humans but also pets. Pets, especially dogs and cats, can easily contract ringworm from other infected animals or even from contaminated environments such as kennels or grooming facilities.

Symptoms

One of the most common symptoms of ringworm in pets is the presence of a rash on their skin. The affected area often appears red and may have blisters or sores. Pets may also experience hair loss in the affected area, leading to bald spots.

Causes

Ringworm in pets is caused by a fungus called dermatophytes. This fungus thrives in warm and humid environments, making it easy for pets to become infected. Close contact with an infected animal or sharing contaminated bedding or grooming tools can lead to the spread of ringworm.

Treatment

If you suspect that your pet has ringworm, it is important to consult a veterinarian for a proper diagnosis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, which may be administered orally or applied topically. In addition, keeping the affected area clean and dry can help prevent the spread of the infection.

It is also important to take steps to prevent ringworm in pets. Regular grooming, frequent cleaning of bedding and grooming tools, and avoiding contact with infected animals can help reduce the risk of infection.

How to Diagnose Ringworm Rash

Diagnosing ringworm rash requires a thorough examination of the affected skin. Here are the steps that healthcare professionals typically follow:

Physical Examination

During a physical examination, the healthcare provider will look for characteristic features of ringworm rash. These may include:

• Red, itchy patches of skin
• Raised, scaly borders
• Blisters or pustules
• Clearing of the center of the rash, resembling a ring

If the infection is on the scalp, the healthcare provider may also check for hair loss or broken hair shafts.

Wood’s Lamp Examination

A Wood’s lamp examination may be performed in some cases to confirm the diagnosis. This procedure uses a special lamp that emits ultraviolet (UV) light to help identify the presence of a fungus. Fungal infections, including ringworm, often fluoresce under UV light, appearing a bright green color.

Microscopic Examination

In certain cases, a sample of the affected skin may be collected and examined under a microscope. This test, called a KOH (potassium hydroxide) prep, can help visualize fungal spores or hyphae, confirming the presence of a fungal infection.

It’s important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have ringworm rash. A healthcare professional can accurately diagnose the condition and provide appropriate treatment to alleviate symptoms and prevent the spread of infection.

Symptoms of Ringworm Rash	Causes of Ringworm Rash	Treatment for Ringworm Rash
– Redness and itching – Raised, scaly borders – Blisters or pustules – Clearing of the center resembling a ring	– Fungal infection – Direct contact with an infected person or animal – Poor hygiene	– Topical antifungal creams – Oral antifungal medications – Keeping the affected area clean and dry

Home Remedies for Ringworm

If you suspect you have ringworm, there are several home remedies that may help alleviate the symptoms and promote healing. Remember to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Tea tree oil: Tea tree oil has antifungal properties that may help kill the fungus causing ringworm. Apply directly to the affected area with a cotton ball or swab.

Apple cider vinegar: Apple cider vinegar has antifungal and antibacterial properties. Mix equal parts of apple cider vinegar and water, and apply the solution to the affected area using a cotton ball.

Garlic: Garlic contains allicin, a compound with antifungal properties. Crush a few garlic cloves and apply the paste to the ringworm rash for about 30 minutes before rinsing off with water.

Aloe vera: Aloe vera has soothing properties that can help relieve the itch and redness associated with ringworm. Apply fresh aloe vera gel to the affected area several times a day.

Turmeric: Turmeric has antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. Mix turmeric powder with water or coconut oil to form a paste and apply it to the infected area. Leave it on for about 30 minutes before rinsing off.

It’s important to note that while these home remedies may provide temporary relief, they are not a substitute for medical treatment. If the ringworm infection does not improve or worsens, consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Over-the-Counter Creams for Ringworm

If you suspect you have ringworm or have been diagnosed with this common fungal infection, there are several over-the-counter creams available to help treat it. These creams are specifically formulated to combat the fungus that causes ringworm and relieve the associated symptoms.

Common Symptoms of Ringworm

Ringworm is a contagious infection that affects the skin, nails, and scalp. It typically presents as a circular rash with redness and itching. The affected area may also develop blisters or flaky patches. It is important to seek treatment as soon as possible to prevent the infection from spreading to other areas of the body or to other people.

Choosing an Over-the-Counter Cream

When selecting an over-the-counter cream for ringworm, look for active ingredients such as miconazole, clotrimazole, or terbinafine. These antifungal agents help to kill the fungus and alleviate the symptoms of ringworm.

Additionally, consider the form of the cream. Creams typically come in a topical form, which is applied directly to the affected area, or in the form of a spray or powder. Choose the form that is most convenient for you and that you feel comfortable using.

It is important to carefully follow the instructions provided with the cream, including the recommended dosage and application frequency. If your symptoms do not improve or worsen after a week of using the cream, consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment options.

Conclusion

Over-the-counter creams for ringworm can be an effective and convenient way to treat this common fungal infection. By carefully selecting a cream with the appropriate active ingredients and following the provided instructions, you can help relieve the symptoms of ringworm and effectively eliminate the fungus causing the infection.

Prescription Medications for Ringworm

If over-the-counter antifungal creams and ointments are not effective in treating your ringworm infection, your doctor may prescribe prescription medications.

Prescription medications are commonly used for treating ringworm on the scalp, as well as severe or persistent cases of ringworm on the skin. These medications are available in various forms, including oral tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions.

Possible Prescription Medications for Ringworm include:

Griseofulvin: This oral medication is commonly used to treat ringworm infections on the scalp. It works by interfering with the growth of the fungus, allowing the body to gradually eliminate the infection. It may take several weeks to see improvement, and the full course of treatment may last several months.

Terbinafine: Terbinafine is available as an oral tablet or a topical cream. It is effective in treating both ringworm on the scalp and ringworm on the skin. The oral tablets are usually taken once a day for a specified duration, while the topical cream can be applied directly to the affected area multiple times a day.

Itraconazole: This oral medication is commonly prescribed for severe or resistant cases of ringworm. It works by interfering with the fungal cell membrane, leading to the death of the fungus. It may take several weeks to see improvement, and the full course of treatment may last a few months.

It is important to follow your doctor’s instructions and complete the full course of medication, even if your symptoms improve. This helps prevent recurrence and ensures that the infection is completely eradicated.

If you experience any side effects or worsening of symptoms while taking prescription medications, it is important to inform your doctor immediately. They may recommend alternative treatments or adjust your medication dosage if necessary.

Remember, prescription medications for ringworm should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Tips for Managing Ringworm Symptoms:

In addition to prescription medications, there are several measures you can take to manage ringworm symptoms:

– Keep the affected area clean and dry

– Avoid scratching or picking at the rash

– Wash bedding, towels, and clothing that come into contact with the affected area

– Avoid sharing personal items, such as combs or hats, with others

By following these tips and completing your prescribed treatment, you can effectively manage ringworm and prevent its spread to others.

How to Prevent Ringworm Infections

If you want to protect yourself from ringworm infections, it’s important to take the necessary precautions. Here are some tips to help prevent the spread of this fungal infection:

Maintain good hygiene:

Proper hygiene practices are essential in preventing ringworm infections. Be sure to keep your skin clean and dry, especially in areas that are prone to sweating. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after coming into contact with surfaces that may be contaminated with the fungus, such as shared sports equipment or public showers.

Avoid close contact with infected individuals:

Ringworm is highly contagious and can easily spread from person to person. If you know someone who has a ringworm infection, it’s best to avoid close contact until the infection has been treated and cleared. This includes avoiding sharing personal items like clothing, towels, and hairbrushes.

Furthermore, if you have ringworm yourself, it’s important to take steps to prevent spreading the infection to others. Cover the affected area with a clean bandage or clothing and avoid touching or scratching the rash to reduce the risk of spreading the fungus.

Keep your environment clean:

The fungus that causes ringworm can survive on surfaces for an extended period, so it’s crucial to keep your environment clean to prevent infection. Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces that come into contact with bare skin, such as gym equipment, shower floors, and wrestling mats. Wash clothing, bedding, and towels in hot water with detergent to kill any lingering fungi.

Preventive Measures	Details
Avoid sharing personal items	Ringworm can easily spread through contact with contaminated items, so it’s important not to share clothing, towels, hats, or hairbrushes with others.
Wear protective footwear	When walking in public areas that may harbor the fungus, such as gym locker rooms or communal showers, wear protective footwear.
Practice good pet hygiene	Ringworm can be transmitted from animals to humans, so make sure to keep your pets clean and treat any infections promptly.
Avoid contact with infected animals	If you come into contact with an animal, such as a dog or cat, that has ringworm, wash your hands thoroughly to minimize the risk of infection.

By following these preventive measures, you can reduce your risk of contracting this bothersome skin infection. If you suspect you have ringworm or have any concerns, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment.

Ringworm vs Other Skin Conditions

Ringworm, also known as tinea corporis, is a common fungal infection that affects the skin and is characterized by a red, circular rash. While ringworm can occur on any part of the body, it is most commonly found on the scalp, feet, and groin area.

When compared to other skin conditions, ringworm can be distinguished by its unique characteristics. Unlike conditions such as eczema or psoriasis, which can cause skin dryness and flakiness, ringworm typically presents as a raised, itchy, and red rash with well-defined edges. The affected area may also develop small blisters or pustules.

Condition	Symptoms	Causes	Treatment
Ringworm	Red, circular rash; raised, itchy, and red rash with well-defined edges; may develop small blisters or pustules	Fungal infection	Antifungal creams or oral medication
Eczema	Dry, flaky skin; redness; itching; rash may ooze or crust	Unknown, but believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors	Moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and avoiding triggers
Psoriasis	Red, raised patches of skin with silvery scales; itching, burning, or soreness; nails may thicken or develop ridges	Autoimmune disorder	Topical treatments, phototherapy, oral medications, and biologic therapies

If you suspect you have ringworm or another skin condition, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. While over-the-counter antifungal creams may help with ringworm, other conditions may require prescription medications or specialized treatments.

When to See a Doctor for Ringworm

If you notice any unusual redness, itching, or blisters on your skin or scalp, it may be a sign of ringworm infection. While ringworm is often a harmless and common fungal infection, there are instances when seeing a doctor is necessary.

If the ringworm rash does not improve with over-the-counter antifungal creams or if it worsens and spreads to other areas of the body, it is recommended to seek medical attention. The doctor can accurately diagnose the ringworm infection and prescribe appropriate oral antifungal medications to treat it.

In addition, if the ringworm infection appears on the scalp, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Ringworm on the scalp can cause hair loss and may require more aggressive treatment, such as prescription-strength antifungal shampoos or oral medications.

Furthermore, individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes or HIV, should consult a doctor if they suspect a ringworm infection. These individuals may be more susceptible to developing severe or recurrent ringworm infections that may require specialized medical care.

It is also essential to seek medical attention if the ringworm rash becomes painful, starts oozing fluid, or shows signs of secondary bacterial infection, such as red streaks or pus. These symptoms can indicate a more serious complication and may require immediate medical treatment.

In conclusion, while many cases of ringworm can be effectively treated with over-the-counter medications, it is important to know when to see a doctor. If the symptoms persist, worsen, affect the scalp, or are accompanied by pain or signs of infection, seeking medical advice is recommended to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Complications of Untreated Ringworm

If left untreated, ringworm can lead to several complications that can affect both the scalp and the skin. These complications can range from mild to severe and may require additional medical attention.

1. Spread of Infection

If ringworm is left untreated, it can easily spread to other areas of the body or to other people. The fungus that causes ringworm can be highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or from contaminated objects or surfaces. This can result in the development of new ringworm patches on the skin or scalp.

2. Secondary Infections

Untreated ringworm can also increase the risk of developing secondary infections. Blisters and open sores that may accompany a ringworm rash can provide an entry point for bacteria, leading to infections such as cellulitis or impetigo. These infections can cause pain, swelling, and redness, and may require antibiotics to treat.

3. Scarring and Permanent Hair Loss

Severe or long-lasting cases of scalp ringworm can cause scarring and permanent hair loss. The fungus can invade the hair follicles, leading to damage and destruction of the hair shaft. This can result in patchy hair loss and scarring that may be irreversible.

In conclusion, it is important to seek timely treatment for ringworm to prevent these potential complications. If you suspect you may have ringworm or have been exposed to someone with ringworm, it is best to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Q&A:

What are the symptoms of ringworm rash?

The symptoms of ringworm rash include red, scaly patches on the skin, itching, and a circular or oval-shaped rash. The rash may be raised and have defined edges.

How is ringworm rash diagnosed?

Ringworm rash is usually diagnosed through a physical examination of the affected area by a healthcare professional. Sometimes, a skin scraping may be taken for further examination under a microscope.

Can ringworm rash be spread from person to person?

Yes, ringworm rash can be spread from person to person. It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person, sharing personal items such as clothing or towels, or contact with contaminated surfaces.

What causes ringworm rash?

Ringworm rash is caused by a fungal infection. The most common cause is a type of fungus called dermatophytes. These fungi thrive in warm and moist environments, such as locker rooms, swimming pools, and shared showers.

What is the treatment for ringworm rash?

Treatment for ringworm rash usually involves antifungal medications, either applied topically as creams or taken orally as pills. It is important to continue treatment as prescribed by a healthcare professional even after the symptoms have resolved to prevent recurrence.

What are the symptoms of ringworm rash?

Common symptoms of ringworm rash include a red, scaly rash that may itch, a ring-shaped rash with a defined, raised border, and patches of hair loss in the affected area.

What causes ringworm rash?

Ringworm rash is caused by a fungal infection. The most common cause is the fungus called dermatophyte, which can be easily spread from person to person or from animals to humans.