Toxic Shock Syndrome – Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention of this Dangerous Condition

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition characterized by symptoms such as high fever, low blood pressure, shock, and a rash resembling sunburn. This syndrome is primarily caused by toxins produced by certain strains of bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. TSS can affect both men and women, but it is more commonly associated with menstruating women who use tampons.

TSS occurs when bacteria release toxins into the bloodstream, triggering a systemic inflammatory response. These toxins can damage various organs and tissues, leading to severe complications if left untreated. The exact mechanism by which the toxins cause TSS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an overactive immune response triggered by the bacteria and their toxins.

One of the hallmark symptoms of TSS is a high fever, often above 102°F (39°C). This fever is usually accompanied by other flu-like symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and general malaise. In addition to the fever, TSS can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure, leading to dizziness, lightheadedness, and even fainting. The characteristic rash of TSS typically appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but it can also affect other parts of the body.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in managing TSS. In most cases, hospitalization is required to stabilize the patient and address the underlying infection. Treatment often involves the administration of intravenous antibiotics to target the bacteria responsible for the infection. In severe cases, supportive care such as fluids, medications to maintain blood pressure, and dialysis may be necessary.

In conclusion, Toxic Shock Syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by high fever, shock, a rash, and caused by toxins released by certain bacteria. Prompt medical attention is essential in managing this syndrome and preventing complications. If you suspect you or someone you know may have TSS, seek immediate medical help. Remember, early intervention can make a significant difference in the outcome.

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition caused by certain strains of bacteria, usually Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. TSS is characterized by a combination of symptoms, including high fever, rash, and signs of infection.

The main cause of TSS is the release of toxins by the bacteria, which can enter the bloodstream and cause a variety of complications. These toxins can lead to organ damage and dysfunction, including liver and kidney failure. TSS can also affect the cardiovascular system, causing a drop in blood pressure and leading to shock.

Common symptoms of TSS include sudden high fever, accompanied by headache, muscle aches, and sore throat. A characteristic rash may develop, which resembles a sunburn and can spread rapidly. The rash may also peel, particularly on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Other signs of infection may be present, such as redness, swelling, and pain at the site of an injury or surgical wound.

TSS requires immediate medical attention and treatment with antibiotics. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and manage complications. Treatment also includes supportive care, such as intravenous fluids to maintain hydration and medication to manage fever and pain.

Prevention of TSS involves good hygiene practices, including proper wound care and frequent hand washing. It is also important to avoid using super-absorbent tampons, as these have been associated with an increased risk of TSS in menstruating individuals.

In conclusion, Toxic Shock Syndrome is a serious condition caused by bacterial toxins. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking prompt medical care is crucial for a successful outcome. By practicing good hygiene and making informed choices about menstrual products, the risk of developing TSS can be minimized.

Symptoms

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious condition caused by bacteria, most commonly staphylococcus aureus, entering the bloodstream and releasing toxins. The bacteria that cause TSS can enter the body through a wound or by using tampons, contraceptive devices, or nasal packing.

Some common symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include:

Fever A high fever is often one of the earliest signs of TSS. It can be sudden and accompanied by chills and a general feeling of illness.	Rash A sunburn-like rash can develop on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It may also spread to other areas of the body, such as the face and trunk.
Low Blood Pressure TSS can cause a drop in blood pressure, leading to dizziness, fainting, and weakness. This is a sign of shock and requires immediate medical attention.	Organ Dysfunction In severe cases, TSS can lead to organ dysfunction, such as kidney failure, liver dysfunction, or respiratory distress. These complications can be life-threatening.

If you experience any of these symptoms, especially if you have recently had a wound or used a tampon or other inserted device, seek medical attention immediately. Toxic shock syndrome can progress rapidly and early treatment is essential for the best outcomes.

Causes

Toxic shock syndrome is caused by certain strains of bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus (staph) or Streptococcus pyogenes (strep). These bacteria release toxins that can trigger a severe immune response in some individuals.

Although toxic shock syndrome is rare, it is more likely to occur in certain situations. The use of super-absorbent tampons, especially when left in place for a long period of time, has been associated with an increased risk of toxic shock syndrome. This is because the bacteria can multiply in the tampon and produce toxins. Inserting any foreign object into the vagina, such as a diaphragm or menstrual cup, can also increase the risk of infection.

Toxic shock syndrome can also develop from infections in wounds or burns. In rare cases, it can be caused by the use of certain contraceptive devices or by surgery.

The symptoms of toxic shock syndrome may include a high fever, a rash that resembles a sunburn, low blood pressure, vomiting or diarrhea, muscle aches, and confusion. If left untreated, toxic shock syndrome can lead to serious complications, such as organ failure.

If you suspect that you or someone else may have toxic shock syndrome, it is important to seek medical attention right away. Treatment typically involves hospitalization and administration of antibiotics to eliminate the infection and toxins from the body. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses.

Treatment

Treatment for toxic shock syndrome typically involves addressing the underlying infection and managing the complications that may arise as a result of the syndrome.

Medical professionals will most likely prescribe antibiotics to target the specific bacteria causing the infection. The choice of antibiotics depends on the type of bacteria identified through laboratory tests. Intravenous antibiotics are usually administered for severe cases.

In addition to antibiotics, other measures may be taken to address the symptoms and complications of toxic shock syndrome. These may include:

• Stabilizing blood pressure and fluid levels
• Administering intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration
• Providing medication to reduce fever and relieve pain
• Monitoring and treating any organ dysfunction that may occur

If a rash is present, treatment may involve using topical creams or ointments to relieve discomfort. It is important to note that the rash associated with toxic shock syndrome is typically not treated with oral or systemic corticosteroids.

In severe cases, where complications are severe or life-threatening, intensive care may be necessary. This may involve close monitoring of vital signs, specialized treatments to support organ function, and other interventions as needed.

It is essential to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you have toxic shock syndrome. Early treatment can help prevent further complications and improve outcomes. Additionally, remember to follow your healthcare provider’s instructions and complete the entire course of antibiotics prescribed, even if you start feeling better.

Risk Factors

While toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can affect anyone, certain factors may increase the risk of developing this condition. These factors include:

Fever and Infection

TSS is often associated with fever and infection. Infections can range from localized skin infections, such as wounds or burns, to more widespread infections like cellulitis or pneumonia. These infections provide a breeding ground for bacteria and can increase the risk of toxins spreading throughout the body.

Shock

Individuals who have experienced shock, such as from severe trauma or major surgery, may be at a higher risk for developing TSS. Shock can weaken the immune system and make the body more susceptible to infections.

Bacteria

The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the strain known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is commonly associated with cases of TSS. MRSA is resistant to many antibiotics and can produce toxins that can lead to TSS.

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a condition caused by toxins produced by certain types of bacteria. These toxins can circulate in the bloodstream and affect multiple organs in the body, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, low blood pressure, and organ dysfunction.

Rash

One of the hallmark symptoms of TSS is a rash that resembles a sunburn. This rash typically begins on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet and then spreads to other parts of the body. Not everyone with TSS develops a rash, but it is a common symptom.

Toxins

The toxins produced by certain bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, can cause a severe immune response in the body. These toxins can lead to the symptoms associated with TSS, including fever, rash, and organ dysfunction.

Syndrome

TSS is classified as a syndrome because it involves a group of symptoms that occur together and are associated with a specific condition. These symptoms can vary in severity and may include fever, rash, low blood pressure, and organ dysfunction.

In conclusion, while anyone can develop toxic shock syndrome, certain risk factors, such as fever and infection, shock, bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, rash, toxins, and the syndrome itself, may increase the likelihood of developing this condition.

Prevention Methods

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious condition caused by certain strains of bacteria. Taking preventive measures can greatly reduce the risk of developing this toxic condition. Here are some key prevention methods:

1. Proper hygiene: Maintaining good personal hygiene practices is essential. Regularly wash your hands with soap and water, especially before and after using tampons or inserting any other vaginal products. Keep your genital area clean and dry to prevent the growth of bacteria.

2. Using menstrual products responsibly: Choose lower-absorbency tampons and change them frequently, typically every four to eight hours. It’s best to avoid using tampons overnight, as prolonged use can increase the risk of TSS. Consider using sanitary pads or menstrual cups instead.

3. Alternating menstrual products: To further reduce the risk, alternate between tampons, pads, and menstrual cups. This helps minimize the prolonged exposure to any potential toxins and prevents the growth of bacteria.

4. Proper storage of tampons: Store tampons in a clean and dry area, away from heat and moisture. Avoid using expired tampons, as they may have a higher likelihood of bacterial growth and toxin production.

5. Seeking medical attention for persistent fever or rash: If you experience a persistent high fever or develop an unexplained rash while using tampons or any other menstrual products, seek medical attention immediately. Early identification and treatment of TSS can prevent serious complications.

6. Avoiding superabsorbent tampons: Superabsorbent tampons have been associated with a higher risk of TSS. Using regular tampons can help minimize the risk, as they have lower absorbency and are less likely to create an ideal environment for bacterial growth.

7. Understanding your body: Be aware of the signs and symptoms of TSS and pay attention to any changes in your body while using menstrual products. Promptly consult a healthcare professional if you experience any unusual symptoms.

Remember, prevention is always better than cure. By following these prevention methods, you can significantly reduce the risk of toxic shock syndrome and its potential complications.

Diagnosis Process

Diagnosing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) involves a combination of evaluating the symptoms, conducting physical examinations, and performing laboratory tests.

When a patient presents with symptoms such as high fever, low blood pressure, and rash, along with a recent history of using tampons or other internal nasal packing, TSS is often suspected. The doctor will evaluate the patient’s medical history and conduct a physical examination to check for signs of a toxic infection.

Laboratory tests play a crucial role in confirming the diagnosis of TSS. Blood tests may be carried out to check for the presence of certain bacteria or toxins that cause the syndrome. Additionally, urine and vaginal swabs may be collected to analyze for any toxins or bacterial growth that may indicate TSS.

In some cases, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans may be ordered to assess any potential complications, such as organ damage or fluid accumulation.

It is important to note that the diagnosis of TSS can be challenging, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. Therefore, a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is essential to differentiate TSS from other possible causes of fever and rash. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is critical for initiating the appropriate treatment and preventing further complications, such as toxic shock and organ failure.

Complications

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) can lead to various complications, which can be severe and life-threatening if left untreated. TSS is a result of toxins produced by certain bacteria, primarily Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Rash and Fever

One of the most common complications of TSS is the development of a rash, similar to a sunburn. The rash typically appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but can also spread to other parts of the body. In addition to the rash, individuals may experience a high fever, which is another common symptom of TSS.

Organ Dysfunction and Shock

In severe cases of TSS, the toxic effects of the bacteria and their toxins can cause multiple organ dysfunction, such as kidney failure, liver damage, and respiratory distress. This can lead to shock, a condition where the body fails to receive enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly.

Infection and Spread

If the initial infection causing TSS is not properly treated, it can lead to the spread of bacteria and toxins throughout the body. This can result in a systemic infection, affecting multiple organs and leading to more severe complications.

Muscle and Joint Pain

Some individuals with TSS may experience muscle and joint pain, which can be debilitating and affect mobility. This is thought to be a result of the immune system’s response to the toxins produced by the bacteria.

If you suspect you may have TSS or are experiencing any of these complications, it is important to seek immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a successful outcome.

Long-term Effects

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a severe infection caused by certain strains of bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus. Although TSS can initially present with symptoms such as high fever, rash, and low blood pressure, it can also have long-term effects on the body.

Chronic Health Complications

Individuals who have experienced TSS may develop chronic health complications as a result of the infection. These complications can vary depending on the severity and duration of the syndrome. Some potential long-term effects include:

• Cardiovascular issues: TSS can cause damage to the heart and blood vessels, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems.
• Organ damage: In severe cases, TSS can lead to organ damage, including kidney, liver, or lung dysfunction.
• Immune system dysfunction: TSS can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to future infections and illnesses.
• Muscle and joint problems: Some individuals may experience muscle and joint pain, stiffness, or weakness following TSS.

Psychological Impact

The long-term effects of TSS are not only physical but can also have a psychological impact on individuals. Having faced a life-threatening infection, some individuals may experience symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, or depression.

These psychological effects can be attributed to the traumatic experience of TSS, complications from the infection, or adjustments to living with any ongoing health issues caused by the syndrome.

It is important for individuals who have experienced TSS to seek appropriate medical care and support to manage both the physical and psychological aspects of their recovery.

Incidence Rates

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious bacterial infection caused by the release of toxins from certain strains of bacteria. The incidence rates of TSS vary depending on several factors, including age, gender, and overall health.

TSS is most commonly associated with the use of super-absorbent tampons in menstruating women, but it can also occur in men, children, and non-menstruating women. The exact incidence rate of TSS is difficult to determine due to underreporting and misdiagnosis, but it is estimated to be around 1 to 3 cases per 100,000 menstruating women per year.

Symptoms of TSS include sudden high fever, rash, low blood pressure, and multi-organ dysfunction. If left untreated, TSS can lead to severe complications, such as kidney failure, respiratory distress, and even death.

The bacteria responsible for causing TSS are commonly found on the skin, in the nasal passages, and in the vaginal area. However, it is not fully understood why certain individuals develop TSS while others do not. It is believed that a combination of factors, including a weakened immune system and the production of certain toxins by the bacteria, contribute to the development of TSS.

Treating TSS involves aggressive supportive care, including intravenous fluids, antibiotics to kill the bacteria, and medications to stabilize blood pressure and oxygen levels. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve the chances of recovery.

To reduce the risk of TSS, it is recommended to use tampons with the lowest absorbency necessary, change tampons frequently, and alternate with pads. It is also important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and keeping wounds clean.

Age and Gender Differences

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a condition that can affect anyone, regardless of their age or gender. However, certain age groups and genders may be more susceptible to this syndrome due to various factors.

Age Differences

TSS can occur in individuals of any age, but it most commonly affects younger individuals, particularly those between the ages of 15 and 25. This is believed to be partly due to the fact that younger individuals may be more likely to use tampons, which have been associated with an increased risk of developing TSS.

It is important to note that TSS can also occur in older individuals, although it is less common. Older individuals may be more susceptible to developing complications associated with TSS, such as organ failure, due to age-related factors.

Gender Differences

While TSS can affect individuals of any gender, it has been found to be more common in females. This is primarily because TSS has been linked to the use of tampons, and females are more likely to use tampons during their menstrual period.

However, it is crucial to understand that TSS can also occur in males. Although rare, cases of TSS have been reported in males who have had surgical wounds or infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Overall, both age and gender can play a role in the likelihood of developing toxic shock syndrome. Regardless of age or gender, it is important to be aware of the symptoms of TSS, such as high fever, rash, and symptoms of organ dysfunction, and seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms arise.

History of Toxic Shock Syndrome

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a severe condition characterized by a combination of symptoms including rash, fever, and shock. It is caused by toxins produced by certain strains of bacteria.

TSS was first recognized as a clinical entity in the late 1970s. The initial cases of TSS were mainly associated with the use of super-absorbent tampons, leading to the common usage of the term “tampon disease”. However, it was later discovered that TSS can also occur in men, children, and non-menstruating women, indicating that tampons are not the sole cause of the syndrome.

The toxins produced by bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, are responsible for the development of TSS. These toxins can enter the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection, leading to the symptoms of TSS.

Discovery and Understanding

The link between tampon use and TSS was first established in the early 1980s. Researchers found that women who used high-absorbency tampons were at a higher risk of developing TSS. This led to changes in tampon design and guidelines on tampon usage, reducing the incidence of TSS.

Further research on TSS revealed that bacterial toxins play a crucial role in the development of the syndrome. These toxins can target specific immune system cells and trigger an overwhelming immune response, leading to the symptoms of TSS.

Treatment and Prevention

TSS is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. The mainstay of treatment is supportive care, including intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and close monitoring of vital signs.

Prevention of TSS can be achieved by following proper hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and using clean tampons or sanitary products. It is also important to change tampons frequently and avoid using high-absorbency tampons.

In conclusion, the history of Toxic Shock Syndrome highlights the importance of understanding the role of toxins, bacteria, and proper hygiene practices in the development and prevention of this severe syndrome.

Toxic Shock Syndrome and Tampons

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious infection caused by bacteria. It is often associated with the use of tampons, particularly high-absorbency tampons. Women who use tampons during their menstrual period are at a higher risk of developing TSS.

Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome

TSS can lead to severe symptoms, including a sudden high fever, rash resembling a sunburn, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and confusion. In severe cases, it can also cause low blood pressure and organ failure.

Causes of Toxic Shock Syndrome

TSS is caused by the release of toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. These bacteria can grow rapidly in the presence of certain conditions, such as a tampon that is left in place for too long.

When a high-absorbency tampon is inserted, it creates an environment that is conducive to bacterial growth. If the tampon is not changed frequently enough, the bacteria can multiply and release toxins into the bloodstream, leading to TSS.

Complications and Treatment

TSS can be a life-threatening condition if not treated promptly. If you suspect you may have TSS, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics to fight the infection.

In some cases, TSS can lead to complications such as kidney failure, liver damage, or even death. Prompt medical intervention is crucial to minimize the risk of these severe complications.

To decrease the risk of developing TSS, it is recommended to use tampons with the lowest absorbency necessary and to change them regularly. It is also important to wash hands before and after inserting a tampon and to follow the package instructions carefully.

Overall, while TSS is a rare condition, it is important to be aware of the symptoms and risk factors associated with it. By understanding the connection between TSS and tampons, women can take necessary precautions to ensure their menstrual hygiene and overall well-being.

Other Potential Causes

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is primarily caused by the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), which is produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. However, TSS can also be caused by other strains of staphylococcus bacteria and, in rare cases, by toxins produced by Streptococcus bacteria.

Complications from infections, such as surgical wound infections or postpartum infections, can also potentially lead to toxic shock syndrome. The release of toxins into the bloodstream can trigger a toxic shock response, resulting in symptoms such as a rash, fever, low blood pressure, and organ damage.

It is important to note that not all Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacterial infections will lead to toxic shock syndrome. TSS is a rare but serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. If you or someone you know experiences symptoms of toxic shock syndrome, such as a sudden high fever, a rash resembling a sunburn, dizziness, or confusion, seek medical help right away.

Similar Syndromes

In addition to Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), there are several other syndromes that share similar symptoms and complications. These syndromes can also be caused by the release of toxins produced by certain bacteria.

1. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome is a bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Like TSS, SSSS is characterized by the release of toxins that can lead to a severe rash and skin peeling. However, unlike TSS, SSSS does not typically result in systemic symptoms or organ failure.

2. Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome (STSS)

Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome is caused by invasive Group A Streptococcus bacteria. This syndrome shares similar symptoms to TSS, including fever, rash, and multi-organ failure. It can also lead to complications such as necrotizing fasciitis (a severe soft tissue infection) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, which is similar to TSS but caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria.

In conclusion, while Toxic Shock Syndrome is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition, it is important to be aware of similar syndromes that can arise from bacterial infections and the release of toxins. Prompt medical attention is crucial in order to diagnose and treat these syndromes effectively.

Public Awareness

Public awareness about Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is crucial to prevent the spread of infection and educate individuals on the symptoms and potential complications of this condition.

TSS is a rare but serious condition caused by the release of bacterial toxins into the bloodstream. It is most commonly associated with the use of superabsorbent tampons, but can also occur as a result of other types of infections.

Symptoms of TSS may include sudden high fever, rash, muscle aches, dizziness, and confusion. If left untreated, TSS can lead to severe complications such as organ failure and shock.

It is important for the public to understand that certain bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, can produce the toxins that cause TSS. These bacteria can be found on the skin or mucous membranes of healthy individuals without causing any harm. However, under certain conditions, such as a break in the skin or an increase in the growth of these bacteria, they can release toxins that can enter the bloodstream.

To prevent TSS, it is crucial to maintain good personal hygiene, including regularly washing hands and using clean menstrual products. It is also important to change tampons frequently and avoid using tampons with a higher absorbency than is necessary.

Education and awareness campaigns can help individuals recognize the symptoms of TSS and seek medical attention promptly. This can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment and reduce the risk of severe complications.

Key Points:
– TSS is a rare but serious condition caused by bacterial toxins
– Symptoms include high fever, rash, muscle aches, and confusion
– Prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent complications
– Good personal hygiene and proper use of menstrual products can help prevent TSS

Q&A:

What is toxic shock syndrome?

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious condition caused by certain types of bacteria, usually Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. It can affect men, women, and children of all ages.

What are the symptoms of toxic shock syndrome?

The symptoms of toxic shock syndrome can vary, but commonly include sudden high fever, low blood pressure, rash resembling a sunburn, confusion, muscle aches, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can lead to organ failure and even death.

What causes toxic shock syndrome?

Toxic shock syndrome is most often caused by the release of toxins from bacteria, particularly the strains of Staphylococcus aureus that produce toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). This can occur when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, usually through a wound or a tampon left in for too long.

How is toxic shock syndrome diagnosed?

Toxic shock syndrome is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests, including blood and urine tests to check for the presence of bacteria, antibodies, or toxins. A physical examination may also be conducted to look for signs of infection.

What is the treatment for toxic shock syndrome?

The treatment for toxic shock syndrome usually involves hospitalization and the administration of intravenous antibiotics to combat the bacterial infection. Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and medications to stabilize blood pressure, may also be provided. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove any infected tissue.