Understanding and Treating Thrush in Men – Causes, Symptoms, and Preventive Measures

Thrush in men, also known as male candidiasis, is a fungal infection caused by the overgrowth of Candida yeast. While this condition is most commonly associated with women, men can also develop thrush and experience uncomfortable symptoms.

One of the most common symptoms of thrush in men is itching in the genital area. This persistent itchiness can be accompanied by a burning sensation and general irritation. In some cases, men may also notice a white discharge on the penis.

Several factors can contribute to the development of thrush in men. These include a weakened immune system, uncontrolled diabetes, poor hygiene, sexual transmission, and the use of antibiotics or corticosteroids. It’s important to note that thrush is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, but it can be passed from one partner to another during sexual activity.

If you suspect that you have thrush, it is important to seek medical attention for an accurate diagnosis. Treatment options for thrush in men typically involve the use of antifungal medications, such as creams, ointments, or oral tablets. Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining good hygiene practices and avoiding irritants, can also help prevent recurring episodes of thrush.

Thrush in Men: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Thrush, also known as a yeast infection or Candida infection, can affect men as well as women. It is caused by the overgrowth of a fungus called Candida, which is normally present on the skin and in the body. When the balance of bacteria and yeast in the body is disrupted, Candida can multiply and cause symptoms of infection.

The most common symptoms of thrush in men include itching, irritation, and redness on the head of the penis, as well as a thick white discharge. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and can interfere with daily activities and sexual intercourse.

There are several factors that can increase the risk of developing thrush in men. These include having a weakened immune system, being uncircumcised, having diabetes, using antibiotics or corticosteroids, and having unprotected sex with a partner who has a yeast infection.

Fortunately, thrush in men can usually be treated with antifungal medications. These medications are available over-the-counter or by prescription and are typically applied directly to the affected area. In some cases, oral antifungal medications may be prescribed if the infection does not respond to topical treatments.

In addition to antifungal medications, there are also steps that can be taken to prevent thrush in men. These include practicing good hygiene, keeping the genital area clean and dry, wearing loose-fitting underwear, avoiding irritants such as perfumed soaps or lotions, and using condoms during sexual intercourse.

Overall, thrush in men is a common fungal infection that can cause discomfort and disruption. However, with the right treatment and preventive measures, it can be effectively managed and prevented.

Understanding Thrush

Thrush, also known as candidiasis, is a common fungal infection that affects both men and women. It is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida, which is normally present in small amounts in the body.

Thrush can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, genitals, and skin. In men, thrush commonly affects the genital area, causing symptoms such as itching, irritation, and a discharge.

Thrush in men can be contracted through sexual intercourse with a partner who has a vaginal yeast infection, or it can occur due to factors such as poor hygiene, wearing tight clothing, or using certain medications.

Common symptoms of thrush in men include redness, swelling, and soreness of the affected area. It can also cause a white, cheesy discharge and a burning sensation during urination.

Treatment for thrush in men usually involves the use of antifungal medications, either as topical creams or oral tablets. These medications work by killing the fungus and relieving the symptoms. It is important to follow the prescribed treatment course to ensure complete elimination of the infection.

To prevent thrush, men should practice good hygiene, avoid wearing tight-fitting clothing, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. It is also important to avoid sexual contact with a partner who has a vaginal yeast infection until the infection is completely cured.

If symptoms of thrush persist or worsen despite treatment, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and management.

The Causes of Thrush in Men

Thrush, also known as candidiasis, is a fungal infection that can affect men. It is primarily caused by the overgrowth of a fungus called Candida, which is naturally present in the body. However, certain factors can lead to an imbalance of this fungus, resulting in the development of thrush.

Poor Hygiene

One of the main causes of thrush in men is poor hygiene. Failure to wash the genital area regularly can create an environment that is conducive to the growth of Candida fungi. It is important to clean the genital area thoroughly and dry it properly to prevent the overgrowth of fungi.

Weakened Immune System

A weakened immune system can also increase the risk of developing thrush. Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and certain medications (such as corticosteroids or antibiotics) can compromise the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off fungal infections.

Additionally, using immunosuppressant drugs after an organ transplant can make men more susceptible to developing thrush.

Sexual Transmission

Thrush can be transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner. However, it is important to note that thrush is not considered a sexually transmitted infection. Nevertheless, engaging in sexual activities with an infected partner can increase the risk of developing a thrush infection.

It’s important for both partners to receive appropriate treatment to prevent reinfection.

Irritation and Moisture

Irritation and moisture in the genital area can create an environment that is favorable for the growth of fungi. Wearing tight-fitting underwear, using perfumed soaps or lotions, or not drying the genital area properly after bathing or exercise can contribute to the development of thrush.

Additionally, conditions such as excessive sweating or obesity can also increase the risk of developing thrush.

In conclusion, thrush in men can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor hygiene, a weakened immune system, sexual transmission, and irritation in the genital area. Recognizing these causes and taking appropriate measures to prevent thrush can help men avoid the discomfort and inconvenience associated with this fungal infection.

Risk Factors for Thrush in Men

Thrush, also known as candidiasis, is a common fungal infection that can affect men. There are several risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing thrush in men.

One of the main risk factors is having a weakened immune system. Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and cancer can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to fungal infections like thrush. Certain medications, such as corticosteroids and antibiotics, can also weaken the immune system and increase the risk of thrush.

Another risk factor is poor hygiene. Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments, so not properly cleaning and drying the genital area can create an ideal environment for fungal growth. It’s important to regularly clean the penis and surrounding areas with mild soap and water, and to thoroughly dry the area afterwards.

Wearing tight-fitting, non-breathable clothing can also increase the risk of thrush. This can create a warm and moist environment, allowing fungi to grow more easily. Opting for loose-fitting clothing made from breathable materials, such as cotton, can help prevent fungal infections.

Individuals who have a history of previous thrush infections are also at a higher risk of developing the infection again. Recurrent thrush can be a sign of underlying health issues or inadequate treatment.

Lastly, engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse with a partner who has a yeast infection can increase the risk of thrush. The infection can be transmitted through sexual contact, and it’s important to use condoms and practice safe sex to reduce the risk of infection.

If any symptoms of thrush, such as itching, irritation, discharge, or redness, are experienced, it is important to seek treatment promptly. Antifungal creams or medications may be prescribed to treat the infection and alleviate symptoms. It’s also important to address any underlying health conditions that may be contributing to thrush.

Risk Factors for Thrush in Men
Weak immune system
Poor hygiene
Tight-fitting, non-breathable clothing
History of previous thrush infections
Unprotected sexual intercourse with a partner who has a yeast infection

The Relationship Between Diabetes and Thrush

The presence of diabetes can increase the risk of developing thrush, a type of fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast. Diabetes can lead to changes in the body’s immune system and create an environment favorable for Candida overgrowth.

When blood sugar levels are not well-controlled, excess sugar is available in the blood and tissues. High glucose levels can promote the growth and multiplication of Candida, leading to a higher risk of thrush in individuals with diabetes.

Thrush in diabetics often presents with symptoms such as itching, irritation, and the appearance of a whitish discharge in affected areas, such as the mouth, genital area, or skin folds. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and may worsen if left untreated.

Diagnosis of both diabetes and thrush is essential to manage the condition effectively. If symptoms of thrush are present, a healthcare provider may perform tests to confirm the presence of Candida yeast and guide appropriate treatment.

Treatment for thrush in individuals with diabetes usually involves antifungal medications, such as topical creams or oral medications. It is important for diabetics to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their blood sugar levels and ensure proper treatment of fungal infections.

Controlling blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication can help prevent thrush and other complications associated with diabetes. Maintaining good oral hygiene and avoiding irritants can also reduce the risk of developing thrush.

Overall, individuals with diabetes should be aware of the relationship between diabetes and thrush and take necessary steps to prevent and manage both conditions. Regular monitoring, proper management of blood sugar levels, and prompt treatment of any infection are essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.

Signs and Symptoms of Thrush in Men

Thrush, a fungal infection also known as candidiasis, can affect men just as it does women. While it is more common in women, men can still experience the uncomfortable symptoms of thrush.

Itching and Irritation

One of the most common signs of thrush in men is itching and irritation in the affected area. This can occur on the penis, scrotum, or groin. The itching may be mild at first but can become more intense if left untreated.

Discharge

Men with thrush may experience a white, thick discharge from the penis. This discharge may also have a foul odor. It is important to note that not all cases of thrush in men will have discharge, but it is a common symptom.

If you notice any unusual discharge, it is important to seek medical attention for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Treatment for thrush in men usually involves the use of antifungal medications, either topical creams or oral tablets. Your healthcare provider will determine the most suitable treatment based on the severity of your symptoms and the underlying cause of the thrush infection.

In addition to medication, practicing good hygiene, wearing breathable underwear, and avoiding irritants can help prevent thrush and minimize symptoms. It is important to remember that thrush can be easily transmitted to partners, so practicing safe sex and avoiding sexual contact until the infection is fully treated is recommended.

If you experience any symptoms of thrush or have concerns about your sexual health, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosing Thrush in Men

To diagnose thrush in men, healthcare professionals typically perform a physical examination and ask about symptoms and medical history. Understanding the underlying cause of the infection is important for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Physical Examination

During a physical examination, the healthcare provider may inspect the affected area for signs of thrush. They may look for redness, swelling, or white patches on the penis, groin, or other areas. The examination may also include a visual examination of the mouth or throat.

Symptoms and Medical History

Asking about the symptoms and medical history can provide valuable clues about the presence of thrush. The healthcare provider may ask about symptoms such as itching, burning, or discomfort in the affected area. They may also inquire about any recent antibiotic use or other factors that can increase the risk of a fungal infection.

It is important to disclose any information about sexual activity as well, as thrush can be sexually transmitted.

In some cases, the healthcare provider may perform additional tests to confirm the diagnosis of thrush. These can include:

• Culture tests: A sample of the discharge or affected tissue may be taken to identify the specific fungus causing the infection.
• Microscopic examination: The healthcare provider may use a microscope to analyze a sample of the discharge or affected tissue for the presence of fungal cells.
• PH testing: Testing the acidity of the affected area may help differentiate thrush from other conditions.

Once a diagnosis of thrush is confirmed, appropriate treatment can be recommended.

Treatment for thrush in men typically involves antifungal medications, such as creams, ointments, or oral medications. It is important to follow the prescribed treatment regimen and finish the entire course of medication, even if symptoms improve.

It is also important to address any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the thrush infection. This may involve managing conditions such as diabetes or avoiding irritants that can worsen symptoms.

In conclusion, diagnosing thrush in men involves a combination of physical examination, symptoms assessment, and sometimes additional tests. With a proper diagnosis, appropriate treatment can be initiated to alleviate symptoms and promote healing.

Medical Treatments for Thrush in Men

Treatment for thrush in men often involves the use of antifungal medications to eliminate the fungal infection causing the symptoms. These medications can be applied topically to the affected area or taken orally in the form of pills or capsules. It is important to follow the prescribed treatment plan and complete the full course of medication, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished.

Topical Antifungal Creams

One common treatment option for thrush in men is the use of topical antifungal creams. These creams are applied directly to the affected area, such as the penis or groin, and work by killing the fungus causing the infection. It is important to apply the cream as directed by a healthcare professional and to continue using it for the recommended duration to ensure proper treatment.

Oral Antifungal Medications

In some cases, oral antifungal medications may be prescribed to treat thrush in men. These medications are taken by mouth and work by killing the fungus from within the body. It is important to take these medications as directed by a healthcare professional and to complete the full course, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished.

It is also important to note that sexual partners may need to be treated for thrush to prevent reinfection. Using condoms during sex can also help to reduce the risk of spreading or acquiring thrush.

If symptoms do not improve with the prescribed treatment or if they worsen, it is important to seek medical attention for further evaluation and treatment.

Antifungal Medications for Thrush

Thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a common fungal infection that can affect both men and women. It is caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus in the mouth or throat. Symptoms of thrush include white patches on the tongue, cheeks, and roof of the mouth, as well as itching, irritation, and a burning sensation.

When it comes to treating thrush in men, antifungal medications are the primary mode of treatment. These medications work by targeting the Candida fungus and preventing its growth and spread.

Topical Antifungal Medications

One common type of antifungal medication for thrush is a topical cream or ointment. These medications are applied directly to the affected areas of the mouth or throat. They help to reduce itching, irritation, and inflammation, and can speed up the healing process. Examples of topical antifungal medications for thrush include clotrimazole and miconazole.

Oral Antifungal Medications

In some cases, oral antifungal medications may be prescribed to treat severe or recurrent cases of thrush. These medications are taken by mouth and work systemically to eliminate the Candida fungus throughout the body. Oral antifungal medications can be more effective for treating widespread thrush infections or infections that do not respond to topical treatments. Examples of oral antifungal medications for thrush include fluconazole and itraconazole.

It is important to note that antifungal medications for thrush should always be taken as directed by a healthcare professional. It is also essential to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished.

In addition to antifungal medications, there are also lifestyle changes and home remedies that can help to prevent and manage thrush. These include maintaining good oral hygiene, avoiding irritants such as tobacco and alcohol, and practicing safe sex to prevent the spread of thrush.

If you suspect that you have thrush or are experiencing symptoms such as white patches, itching, or discharge, it is important to see a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Oral Rinses and Mouthwashes for Thrush

Oral thrush is a common fungal infection characterized by the overgrowth of Candida yeast in the mouth. It can cause symptoms such as white patches on the tongue and inner cheeks, a creamy discharge, a burning sensation, and itching.

To treat thrush, antifungal medications are often prescribed, either in the form of topical creams or oral tablets. However, oral rinses and mouthwashes can also be an effective adjunctive treatment for thrush.

Oral rinses and mouthwashes that contain antifungal agents, such as nystatin or fluconazole, can help kill the Candida yeast and reduce the symptoms of thrush. These antifungal agents work by disrupting the cell membranes of the yeast, leading to their death.

Using an oral rinse or mouthwash for thrush can provide direct contact with the affected areas in the mouth, ensuring that the antifungal agent reaches the infection site. It can also help to reduce the irritation and inflammation caused by the fungal infection, providing relief from discomfort and itching.

It’s important to follow the instructions for the specific oral rinse or mouthwash, and to use it as directed by your healthcare provider. Typically, the rinse or mouthwash will be used multiple times a day for a specified period of time, usually one to two weeks.

In addition to using an oral rinse or mouthwash, there are other measures that can be taken to prevent and manage thrush. These include practicing good oral hygiene, avoiding irritants such as tobacco and alcohol, maintaining a healthy diet, and managing underlying health conditions that may contribute to the overgrowth of Candida yeast.

If you suspect that you have thrush or are experiencing symptoms such as white patches, discharge, itching, or discomfort in the mouth, it’s important to seek medical attention. A healthcare provider can diagnose the infection and recommend appropriate treatments, which may include oral rinses and mouthwashes.

In conclusion, oral rinses and mouthwashes containing antifungal agents can be effective in treating thrush. They provide direct contact with the infection site, help reduce irritation and itching, and can be used alongside other treatments for optimal results in managing this fungal infection – candidiasis.

Alternative and Home Remedies for Thrush

Thrush, a common fungal infection in men, can cause discomfort and irritation. If you are experiencing symptoms such as itching, redness, and white discharge, you may be looking for alternative or home remedies to alleviate your condition. While it is always recommended to seek medical treatment for thrush, there are a few remedies that you can try at home to help reduce symptoms and promote healing.

1. Coconut Oil

Coconut oil is known for its antifungal properties, which can help combat the infection causing thrush. Apply a small amount of coconut oil to the affected area and gently massage it in. Repeat this process a few times a day until the symptoms subside.

2. Saltwater Rinse

A saltwater rinse can help soothe the irritation caused by thrush. Dissolve half a teaspoon of salt in a cup of warm water and gargle with the solution for 30 seconds before spitting it out. Repeat this rinse a few times a day.

Remedy	Description
Coconut Oil	Apply a small amount of coconut oil to the affected area and gently massage it in.
Saltwater Rinse	Dissolve half a teaspoon of salt in a cup of warm water and gargle with the solution for 30 seconds before spitting it out.

Remember, these alternative remedies should not replace medical treatment. If your symptoms persist or worsen, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Dietary and Lifestyle Changes to Prevent Thrush

If you are prone to thrush or have previously had a thrush infection, making certain dietary and lifestyle changes can help prevent the recurrence of this fungal infection. These changes can also alleviate symptoms such as itching, irritation, and discharge.

1. Limit Sugar and Yeast Intake

Since thrush is caused by the overgrowth of yeast called Candida, it is important to reduce your sugar and yeast intake. Yeast feeds on sugar, so by limiting your consumption, you can help prevent the growth of Candida. Avoid sugary foods and drinks, as well as foods that contain yeast.

2. Increase Probiotic Intake

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help restore the balance of good bacteria in your body and prevent the overgrowth of Candida. Incorporate probiotic-rich foods, such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi, into your diet. You can also consider taking probiotic supplements.

Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also contribute to preventing thrush. Here are a few tips:

Eat a Balanced Diet:

Eating a nutritious and well-balanced diet can boost your immune system and help your body fight off infections, including thrush. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in your meals.

Practice Good Hygiene:

Keeping your genital area clean and dry can help prevent the growth of Candida. Avoid using scented soaps, feminine hygiene products, and tight-fitting underwear that can trap moisture and create a favorable environment for yeast to thrive.

Avoid Irritants:

Avoid using harsh soaps, douches, and perfumed products in the genital area, as they can irritate the delicate skin and disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and yeast.

Conclusion

By making dietary changes to limit sugar and yeast intake and increasing your probiotic intake, you can help prevent thrush. Additionally, practicing good hygiene and avoiding irritants can further reduce your risk of developing this fungal infection. If you experience persistent symptoms of thrush, consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate antifungal treatment.

Preventing Thrush in Men

Thrush, also known as candidiasis, is a common fungal infection that can affect men. It can cause symptoms such as itching, redness, and irritation in the affected areas. If you want to prevent thrush from occurring, here are some measures you can take:

• Maintain good hygiene habits, including regular washing and drying of the genital area.
• Avoid using harsh soaps or cleansers that can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the body.
• Wear loose-fitting, breathable underwear to prevent excess moisture and promote air circulation.
• Avoid wearing wet or damp clothing for long periods of time.
• Avoid using scented products, such as perfumed soaps, lotions, or powders that can irritate the skin.
• Use antifungal creams or powders as directed by your doctor, especially if you are prone to recurrent thrush infections.
• Practice safe sex by using condoms and avoiding multiple sexual partners to reduce the risk of thrush.
• Include probiotics in your diet or take them as supplements, as they can help restore the natural balance of bacteria in the body.

By following these preventive measures, you can reduce the risk of developing thrush and maintain good genital health. However, if you do experience thrush symptoms, it is important to seek medical advice and receive appropriate treatment.

Frequently Asked Questions About Thrush

Frequently asked questions about thrush involve its causes, symptoms, and treatments. Below, we have provided answers to some common questions:

What causes thrush in men?

Thrush in men is usually caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans. This fungus is naturally present in the body but can multiply and cause an infection under certain conditions, such as a weakened immune system, poor hygiene, or the use of antibiotics that disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the body.

What are the symptoms of thrush in men?

The symptoms of thrush in men can include irritation, itching, and a white, cottage cheese-like discharge on the penis. Some individuals may also experience discomfort or pain during urination or sexual intercourse.

How is thrush in men treated?

Thrush in men is typically treated with antifungal medications. These medications can come in various forms, such as creams, ointments, or oral tablets. The duration of treatment may vary depending on the severity of the infection, but it is important to follow the full course of treatment prescribed by a healthcare professional to ensure complete eradication of the fungal infection.

If symptoms persist or worsen despite treatment, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and possible alternative treatment options.

It is worth noting that practicing good hygiene, avoiding irritants, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help prevent thrush in men and reduce the risk of recurrent infections.

Complications of Untreated Thrush

If left untreated, thrush in men can lead to various complications. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of thrush, as the infection can worsen and cause further problems.

1. Spread of infection

One of the main complications of untreated thrush is the spread of the fungal infection. Thrush is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida, and if left untreated, it can spread to other areas of the body. This can lead to the development of fungal infections in different parts, such as the groin, armpits, and even the bloodstream.

2. Chronic or recurrent thrush

Untreated thrush can also result in chronic or recurrent episodes of the infection. Without appropriate treatment, the underlying cause of the thrush may not be addressed, and the infection can come back repeatedly. This can cause ongoing discomfort and frustration for the individual, as well as disrupt their daily activities and quality of life.

3. Increased risk of other infections

Thrush weakens the body’s natural defense mechanisms, leaving it more susceptible to other infections. The presence of thrush can create an environment that is conducive to the growth of other harmful bacteria and fungi, increasing the risk of secondary infections. These infections can further complicate the treatment process and cause additional discomfort and complications.

4. Difficulty in sexual relationships

Thrush can cause symptoms such as itching, irritation, and discomfort in the genital area. Left untreated, these symptoms can persist and make sexual activity painful or unpleasant. This can lead to difficulties in intimate relationships, as the individual may avoid sexual activity altogether or experience discomfort during intercourse.

5. Psychological impact

Untreated thrush can also have a psychological impact on individuals. The persistent symptoms and complications can lead to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and low self-esteem. Furthermore, the chronic nature of the infection and its impact on daily life can cause frustration and stress, affecting overall mental well-being.

It is crucial to seek timely treatment for thrush to avoid these complications. If you experience any symptoms of thrush, such as discharge, itching, or irritation, consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Question and answer:

What is thrush in men?

Thrush in men is a fungal infection caused by a yeast called Candida. It affects the genital area and can cause symptoms such as itching, redness, and soreness.

What are the common causes of thrush in men?

The common causes of thrush in men include a weakened immune system, diabetes, wearing tight-fitting or damp underwear, and having unprotected sex with an infected partner.

What are the symptoms of thrush in men?

The symptoms of thrush in men may include itching and irritation on the head of the penis, redness, swelling, a white, thick discharge, and pain during urination or sexual intercourse.

How is thrush in men diagnosed?

Thrush in men is often diagnosed based on the symptoms and physical examination of the genital area. In some cases, a sample of the discharge may be taken to confirm the presence of Candida.

What are the treatments for thrush in men?

The treatments for thrush in men usually involve antifungal medications, such as creams or oral tablets. It’s also important to practice good hygiene, wear loose-fitting underwear, and avoid any potential irritants or triggers.

What causes thrush in men?

Thrush in men is primarily caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus, specifically Candida albicans. This overgrowth can occur due to several factors including a weakened immune system, antibiotic use, poor hygiene, or an underlying health condition.

What are the symptoms of thrush in men?

The symptoms of thrush in men can vary, but commonly include itching and soreness around the head of the penis, redness, swelling, and a white, creamy discharge. Some men may also experience pain or discomfort during urination or sexual intercourse.

How is thrush in men treated?

Thrush in men is typically treated with antifungal medications, such as creams or oral tablets. These medications work to kill the Candida fungus and relieve symptoms. It is also important to practice good hygiene, avoid irritants, and address any underlying health conditions that may be contributing to the thrush.