Understanding the Impact and Risks of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) Infection

Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly found on the skin and in the nose of healthy individuals. However, certain strains of this bacteria, known as Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA), can cause infections. MSSA infections are characterized by their ability to invade the body and cause various symptoms.

One of the main causes of MSSA infection is the bacteria entering the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut or wound. Once inside, the bacteria can multiply and cause an inflammatory response, leading to symptoms such as redness, swelling, and pain at the site of the infection.

Common symptoms of MSSA infection include the formation of pus-filled boils or abscesses on the skin, which may be accompanied by fever and chills. In severe cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, causing more serious complications, such as pneumonia, sepsis, or bone infections.

Treatment for MSSA infection often involves antibiotics that are effective against this specific strain of bacteria. In some cases, the use of topical treatments, such as ointments or creams, may also be recommended to help alleviate symptoms and promote healing of the skin. It is important to follow the prescribed treatment plan and complete the full course of antibiotics to ensure the infection is fully eradicated.

What is MSSA Infection?

Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) infection is an inflammatory condition caused by a type of bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. MSSA is different from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) as it is susceptible to certain antibiotics.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the nose of healthy individuals and do not cause any harm. However, if the bacteria enter the body through a wound or cut, it can lead to an infection. The bacteria multiply rapidly, causing redness, swelling, and the formation of pus.

In addition to skin infections, MSSA can also cause infections in the bloodstream, bones, joints, and other organs. These infections are often severe and require prompt medical attention.

The treatment for MSSA infection usually involves antibiotics, which are selected based on the bacteria’s susceptibility. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain the pus or remove infected tissue. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics to ensure the infection is completely eradicated.

Prevention of MSSA infection includes good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing, keeping wounds clean and covered, and avoiding contact with infected individuals. Prompt treatment of skin infections can also help prevent the spread of the bacteria.

Infection Causes	Infection Symptoms	Infection Treatment
MSSA bacteria entering the body through a wound or cut	Redness, swelling, formation of pus	Antibiotics, surgical intervention if necessary
Lack of good hygiene practices	Severe infections in the bloodstream, bones, joints, and other organs	Complete the full course of antibiotics, prevention through good hygiene

Common Causes of MSSA Infection

Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) infection is caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, which can naturally reside on the skin or in the nasal passages without causing any harm. However, certain factors can increase the risk of infection.

1. Skin Breaks and Wounds

MSSA infection commonly occurs when there is a break or damage to the skin, allowing the bacteria to enter the body. Cuts, abrasions, surgical incisions, or other open wounds can provide a pathway for the bacteria to invade the deeper layers of the skin and cause infection.

2. Contact with Contaminated Surfaces or Objects

Staphylococcus aureus can survive on various surfaces and objects, including countertops, doorknobs, towels, and clothing. If a person comes into contact with these contaminated surfaces or objects and then touches their skin, the bacteria can easily transfer and cause an infection.

3. Weakened Immune System

A weakened immune system can make a person more susceptible to MSSA infection. Conditions such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, cancer, or certain medications that suppress the immune system can diminish the body’s ability to fight off infections, allowing Staphylococcus aureus to proliferate.

4. Close Contact with Infected Individuals

MSSA infection is highly contagious and can spread through direct contact with an infected person, especially if the person has an active infection or carries the bacteria on their skin or in their nose. Close contact in settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, or athletic facilities increases the risk of transmission.

In all cases of MSSA infection, prompt and appropriate treatment is crucial. This typically involves a course of antibiotics to kill the bacteria and prevent the infection from spreading. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove infected tissues.

It’s worth noting that the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), poses a significant challenge in the treatment of MSSA infections. Therefore, it is important to follow proper hygiene practices and take precautions to prevent the spread of these bacteria.

Risk Factors for MSSA Infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria commonly found on the skin and in the noses of healthy individuals. However, when the skin is broken or cuts are made, it can enter the body and cause infections. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is susceptible to certain antibiotics, unlike methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

There are several risk factors that can increase the likelihood of MSSA infection:

1. Skin Conditions

Individuals with certain skin conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, have a higher risk of developing MSSA infections. These conditions can cause breaks in the skin, providing an entry point for the bacteria.

2. Antibiotic Use

Prolonged or excessive use of antibiotics can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria on the skin and in the body, making it easier for MSSA to colonize and cause an infection. Additionally, the use of certain antibiotics can increase the risk of developing antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

It is important to note that anyone can develop an MSSA infection, regardless of these risk factors. However, individuals with these risk factors should be extra vigilant in practicing good hygiene and taking precautions to prevent infection.

Common Risk Factors for MSSA Infection
Skin conditions
Antibiotic use

Symptoms of MSSA Infection

An MSSA (methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus) infection is a type of skin infection caused by a strain of bacteria that can live harmlessly on the skin. However, when the skin is broken, such as through a cut or a wound, the bacteria can enter the body and cause an infection. MSSA infection is similar to MRSA infection, but MSSA is susceptible to antibiotics while MRSA is resistant to them.

The symptoms of an MSSA infection can vary depending on the severity and location of the infection. Common symptoms include:

• Inflammatory symptoms: The infected area may become red, swollen, warm, and painful. These are signs of inflammation caused by the body’s immune response to the infection.
• Pus formation: Pus, a thick yellowish fluid, may accumulate at the site of the infection. It is composed of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris.
• Systemic symptoms: In severe cases, MSSA infection can cause systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue. These symptoms indicate that the infection has spread beyond the initial site.

If you suspect you have an MSSA infection, it is important to seek medical attention. A healthcare professional can diagnose the infection through a physical examination and may recommend a laboratory test to confirm the presence of MSSA. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria and address the symptoms.

Note: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment of any infection.

Complications Associated with MSSA Infection

MSSA (Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus) infection can lead to various complications if left untreated or poorly managed. The bacteria responsible for the infection are resistant to many antibiotics, which makes it difficult to treat and control.

One of the most common complications of MSSA infection is the formation of pus-filled abscesses or boils on the skin. These abscesses are often painful, swollen, and red, and can cause significant discomfort and inconvenience for the patient.

In some cases, the infection can spread beyond the skin and cause more severe complications. MSSA can infiltrate the bloodstream, leading to a condition known as bacteremia. This can result in serious systemic infections, such as endocarditis (inflammation of the heart valves) or osteomyelitis (bone infection).

MSSA infection can also lead to the development of deep-seated abscesses, such as those found in the lungs or joints. These abscesses can be debilitating and require extensive treatment, often involving drainage and surgical intervention.

Inflammatory complications may also arise from MSSA infection. The body’s immune response to the bacteria can trigger an exaggerated inflammatory response, leading to conditions like cellulitis (skin infection) or sepsis (life-threatening infection).

Proper diagnosis, prompt treatment, and appropriate antibiotics are crucial for managing MSSA infection and minimizing the risk of complications. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect an MSSA infection to prevent the spread of the bacteria and ensure effective treatment.

Diagnosis of MSSA Infection

Diagnosing an MSSA infection is crucial for effective treatment. To begin the diagnosis, the healthcare provider will evaluate the patient’s symptoms and medical history. Since MSSA is caused by a bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus, the healthcare provider may suspect an MSSA infection based on the presence of inflammatory symptoms, such as redness, swelling, and pain at the site of infection.

In order to confirm the diagnosis, a sample of the infected area may be collected and sent to a laboratory for testing. The sample can include swabs of pus or tissue from the infected site. In the laboratory, the sample will be cultured to determine the presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Once the presence of MSSA is confirmed, further tests can be done to assess its antibiotic resistance profile. This is important because MSSA infections can sometimes be resistant to certain antibiotics, making treatment more challenging. The laboratory can perform tests to identify which antibiotics will effectively treat the specific strain of MSSA causing the infection.

It is worth noting that MSSA infections are commonly treated with antibiotics, such as penicillinase-resistant penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin. However, the specific choice of antibiotic will depend on factors such as the severity of the infection, the patient’s overall health, and the antibiotic-sensitivity results obtained from the laboratory tests.

In summary, the diagnosis of an MSSA infection involves evaluating the patient’s symptoms, collecting a sample for laboratory testing, and assessing the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacteria causing the infection. This comprehensive approach ensures an accurate diagnosis and facilitates the selection of appropriate treatment options.

Treatment Options for MSSA Infection

When it comes to treating an MSSA infection, there are several options available based on the severity of the infection and the patient’s overall health. The main goal of treatment is to eliminate the infection, reduce symptoms, and prevent any further complications.

1. Antibiotics

The primary treatment for MSSA infection is the use of antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, including MSSA, are often susceptible to certain antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic may depend on the type and location of the infection, as well as the patient’s medical history and any other existing conditions.

Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MSSA infection include:

• Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (such as oxacillin)
• Cephalosporins (such as cefazolin)
• Clindamycin
• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by the healthcare provider, even if the symptoms improve. This helps ensure that all the bacteria are eliminated and reduces the risk of developing antibiotic-resistant strains.

2. Drainage of Pus

In cases where an MSSA infection has resulted in the formation of a pus-filled abscess or boil, drainage may be necessary. This involves making a small incision to allow the pus to escape, relieving pressure and promoting faster healing. This procedure is usually performed under local anesthesia and can be done in a healthcare provider’s office or a hospital setting.

After drainage, the wound is typically cleaned and dressed, and an antibiotic ointment may be applied to prevent further infection.

It is important to note that self-drainage of an abscess or boil is not recommended, as it can lead to further spread of the infection and other complications.

Overall, the treatment of MSSA infection involves a combination of antibiotics and, in some cases, drainage of pus. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in preventing the infection from spreading and causing more serious complications.

Antibiotics for MSSA Infection

When it comes to treating MSSA infection, antibiotics are an essential component of the treatment plan. MSSA, or methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, is a type of bacteria that can cause various types of infections in the body.

One of the most common presentations of MSSA infection is skin infection, which often manifests as redness, swelling, and the formation of pus. Inflammatory responses are also prevalent in MSSA infection, leading to symptoms such as fever and pain.

Antibiotics are used to kill or inhibit the growth of the MSSA bacteria, helping to alleviate symptoms and speed up the healing process. Commonly prescribed antibiotics for MSSA infection include:

• Penicillin
• Cephalexin
• Ceftriaxone
• Vancomycin
• Clindamycin

It is important to note that MSSA bacteria can sometimes develop resistance to certain antibiotics, making it important to choose the appropriate antibiotic based on the specific strain of bacteria causing the infection. In some cases, a combination of antibiotics or a different antibiotic may be necessary to effectively treat the infection.

It is crucial to follow the prescribed antibiotic regimen as directed by your healthcare provider. Taking the full course of antibiotics is necessary to ensure that all the bacteria are eliminated and prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.

If you suspect you have an MSSA infection, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly. Your healthcare provider will be able to diagnose the infection and determine the most appropriate antibiotic treatment plan for you.

Surgical Interventions for MSSA Infection

When an MSSA infection is severe or does not respond to other treatments, surgical intervention may be necessary. Surgical interventions aim to remove the source of infection and promote healing.

Drainage of Abscesses

Inflammatory response caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including MSSA, often leads to the formation of abscesses. These are pockets of pus that may form beneath the skin or in deeper tissues. To treat an abscess, a surgeon may need to make an incision and drainage to remove the pus.

Debridement and Wound Care

In cases where MSSA infection has caused significant damage to the skin and underlying tissues, debridement may be necessary. Debridement involves removing dead or infected tissue to promote healing. After debridement, the wound is cleaned and dressed to prevent further infection.

Some MSSA infections may also require the use of skin grafts or other reconstructive procedures to restore the integrity and function of the affected area.

Surgical interventions are often accompanied by antibiotic treatment to target the MSSA infection. However, it is important to note that MSSA is resistant to certain antibiotics, and appropriate antibiotics should be chosen based on the results of sensitivity testing.

In conclusion, surgical interventions play a crucial role in the treatment of MSSA infections that are severe or unresponsive to other treatments. These interventions aim to remove the source of infection, promote healing, and may involve drainage of abscesses, debridement, and wound care.

Prevention of MSSA Infection

MSSA infection, also known as Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus infection, is a type of bacterial infection that can cause inflammatory skin conditions. It is important to take preventive measures to reduce the risk of MSSA infection.

The primary mode of transmission for MSSA infection is through direct contact with contaminated objects or skin. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain good personal hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing with soap and water, to prevent the spread of bacteria.

In addition, keeping the skin clean and dry can help minimize the risk of MSSA infection. It is important to clean any cuts, wounds, or scratches promptly with mild soap and water. Keeping the skin moisturized can also help maintain its integrity and reduce the likelihood of bacterial entry.

In healthcare settings, strict adherence to infection control protocols is essential in preventing the transmission of MSSA infection. This includes proper disinfection of equipment and surfaces, as well as the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and gowns, when handling potentially infected patients.

If you are at a higher risk of acquiring MSSA infection, your healthcare provider may recommend additional preventive measures. This can include the use of antiseptic washes or creams on the skin, or the administration of antibiotics in specific situations.

It is worth noting that despite prevention efforts, MSSA infections can still occur. If you notice any signs of an infection, such as redness, swelling, pain, or the presence of pus in a wound, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics can help prevent the spread of the infection and reduce the risk of developing antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

In conclusion, the prevention of MSSA infection involves practicing good personal hygiene, keeping the skin clean and dry, following infection control protocols in healthcare settings, and considering additional preventive measures based on individual risk factors. By taking these precautions, the risk of MSSA infection can be significantly reduced.

Importance of Hand Hygiene in MSSA Infection

Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection is a common bacterial infection that affects the skin and can cause a range of symptoms, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions. MSSA is a type of bacteria that is sensitive to antibiotics, but it can still cause severe illness if left untreated.

Hand hygiene plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of MSSA infection. The bacteria that cause MSSA infection are commonly found on the skin and can easily be transmitted from person to person through direct contact or by touching contaminated surfaces. By practicing good hand hygiene, such as washing hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizers, the risk of transmitting MSSA bacteria can be significantly reduced.

Regular and thorough hand washing is essential to remove any bacteria that may be present on the skin’s surface. It is especially important to wash hands before and after handling wounds, changing dressings, or coming into contact with someone who has an MSSA infection. Additionally, hand hygiene should be practiced after using the restroom, before preparing or eating food, and after coughing or sneezing.

Proper hand hygiene can also prevent the development of MSSA infection in individuals with skin conditions or wounds. Open wounds provide an entry point for bacteria, and maintaining clean hands can reduce the risk of contamination and infection. Similarly, individuals with compromised immune systems are at a higher risk of developing MSSA infection, and practicing good hand hygiene can help minimize that risk.

By practicing good hand hygiene, individuals can play a significant role in preventing the spread and development of MSSA infection. It is important to remember that MSSA infection can be severe and may lead to complications such as tissue damage, abscess formation, and systemic inflammatory response. Therefore, regular and thorough hand washing, along with appropriate treatment, is essential in combating MSSA infection.

MSSA Infection in Healthcare Settings

Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) is a type of bacteria that can cause infections, particularly in healthcare settings. MSSA is similar to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but unlike MRSA, it is susceptible to certain antibiotics.

Causes

MSSA infections can occur when the bacteria enters the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut or a surgical wound. Healthcare settings, such as hospitals and long-term care facilities, provide an environment where MSSA and other bacteria can easily spread.

Symptoms and Complications

An MSSA infection can lead to various symptoms, depending on the affected area. Skin infections often manifest as red, swollen, and painful areas, sometimes with pus. In more severe cases, MSSA can cause bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections.

Treatment

When a healthcare-associated MSSA infection is suspected, it is important to start treatment promptly. The choice of antibiotics will depend on the severity of the infection and the susceptibility of the bacteria. In general, MSSA is sensitive to antibiotics such as methicillin, oxacillin, and cefazolin.

In addition to antibiotic treatment, other measures may be taken to control the spread of MSSA in healthcare settings. This includes practicing good hand hygiene, using appropriate personal protective equipment, and implementing infection control protocols.

MSSA infections in healthcare settings can be a challenging problem due to the presence of resistant bacteria and the inflammatory nature of the infections. However, with proper treatment and infection control measures, the spread of MSSA can be minimized, protecting both patients and healthcare providers.

MSSA Infection in Healthcare Settings
Causes	Break in the skin, such as a cut or surgical wound
Symptoms	Red, swollen, and painful areas; pus; systemic infections
Treatment	Antibiotics (methicillin, oxacillin, cefazolin); infection control measures

MSSA Infection in Community Settings

Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection is a common type of bacterial infection that can occur in community settings. MSSA is a type of staph infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to certain antibiotics, such as methicillin.

In community settings, MSSA infection can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or through contact with contaminated objects. Common symptoms of MSSA infection include redness, warmth, and swelling at the site of infection, as well as the formation of pus.

Treatment

When it comes to treating MSSA infection in community settings, early detection is crucial to prevent the spread of the bacteria. In most cases, MSSA infection can be treated with antibiotics that are effective against staphylococcus bacteria. The choice of antibiotics may vary depending on the severity of the infection and the patient’s medical history.

It is important to note that overuse or misuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Therefore, it is essential to follow the prescribed treatment regimen and to take antibiotics as directed by healthcare professionals.

Inflammatory Skin Infections

MSSA infections in community settings can manifest as inflammatory skin infections, such as cellulitis or abscesses. Cellulitis is characterized by red, swollen, and tender skin, while abscesses are localized collections of pus that may require drainage. The treatment of these types of infections typically involves a combination of antibiotics and, in some cases, surgical intervention to remove the pus.

In conclusion, MSSA infection in community settings is caused by bacteria that are resistant to certain antibiotics. Early detection and appropriate treatment with antibiotics are key to controlling the spread of the infection. It is important to follow healthcare professionals’ recommendations and to be vigilant about proper hygiene practices to prevent the transmission of MSSA and other infections in community settings.

Common Symptoms	Treatment	Inflammatory Skin Infections
Redness, warmth, swelling	Antibiotics	Cellulitis, abscesses
Pus formation	Early detection	Surgical intervention

Complications of Untreated MSSA Infection

Untreated MSSA (methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus) infections can lead to serious complications that can be potentially life-threatening. If left untreated, the bacteria can spread throughout the body and cause a range of problems.

One of the major complications of untreated MSSA infection is the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. MSSA can mutate and become methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is much more difficult to treat. This can make the infection more persistent and harder to eliminate.

Another complication of untreated MSSA infection is the formation of abscesses or pus-filled lesions. The infection can cause the formation of abscesses in different parts of the body, such as the skin, muscles, or organs. These abscesses can be painful, swollen, and filled with pus. In severe cases, they may require surgical drainage.

Untreated MSSA infections can also lead to more serious conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, or urinary tract infections. The bacteria can enter the bloodstream and spread to other organs, causing a systemic inflammatory response known as sepsis. Sepsis can be life-threatening and may require intensive care and prolonged hospitalization.

In rare cases, untreated MSSA infections can lead to endocarditis, which is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. This condition can cause heart murmurs, heart failure, or even heart valve damage.

Given the potential complications of untreated MSSA infection, it is crucial to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect you have an infection. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment with antibiotics can help prevent the progression of the infection and reduce the risk of complications.

Long-Term Outlook for MSSA Infection

Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection, if treated promptly and appropriately, generally has a good long-term outlook. With the administration of antibiotics, the infection can be effectively controlled.

While MSSA infections often affect the skin, causing redness, swelling, and the presence of pus-filled lesions, proper treatment can help reduce these symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a skin infection that could potentially be caused by MSSA.

In some cases, MSSA infections can cause more severe symptoms, such as inflammatory responses throughout the body. This may require a longer course of treatment and may involve stronger antibiotics or a combination of different antibiotics to combat the bacteria.

It is important to note that MSSA is a type of bacteria that is not inherently resistant to antibiotics, unlike methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This means that MSSA can be effectively treated with commonly used antibiotics.

If treatment is started early and carried out properly, the majority of MSSA infections can be successfully treated, leading to full recovery. However, it is crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by a healthcare professional to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of MSSA.

In summary, while MSSA infections can cause discomfort and potentially more severe symptoms, timely and appropriate treatment can lead to a positive long-term outlook. It is essential to seek medical attention, follow the prescribed treatment plan, and take necessary precautions to prevent the spread of infection.

Question-answer:

What is an MSSA infection?

MSSA stands for Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. It is a type of bacteria that can cause infections in various parts of the body.

How is MSSA infection transmitted?

MSSA infection is usually transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. It can also be spread through respiratory droplets.

What are the symptoms of an MSSA infection?

The symptoms of an MSSA infection vary depending on the location of the infection. Common symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and pus formation at the site of infection. Other symptoms may include fever, chills, fatigue, and muscle aches.

How is MSSA infection diagnosed?

MSSA infection is diagnosed through various laboratory tests, including blood cultures, wound cultures, and microbiological analysis. These tests help identify the presence of the bacteria and determine the appropriate treatment.

What is the treatment for an MSSA infection?

Treatment for MSSA infection usually involves a combination of antibiotics and drainage of any abscesses or pus-filled pockets. The choice of antibiotics depends on the severity of the infection and the susceptibility of the bacteria to certain medications.

What is an MSSA infection?

An MSSA infection, or Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus infection, is a type of bacterial infection caused by the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is susceptible to treatment with methicillin-type antibiotics.

What causes an MSSA infection?

An MSSA infection is caused by the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which can enter the body through cuts, wounds, or other openings in the skin. It can also be spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.