What Are the Common Causes of Urinary Tract Infections and How to Prevent Them

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by bacteria that enter the urinary tract and result in an infection. UTIs are a common condition that can affect both men and women, though they are more prevalent in women. The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection, which occurs when bacteria enter the urethra and travel up into the bladder.

There are several factors that can contribute to the cause of a UTI. One of the main causes is poor hygiene, which can allow bacteria to enter the urinary tract. Other causes include sexual activity, which can introduce bacteria into the urethra, and the use of certain types of birth control, such as diaphragms or spermicides.

Common symptoms of a UTI include pain or a burning sensation during urination, a strong urge to urinate, and cloudy or bloody urine. Some individuals may also experience lower abdominal pain or discomfort and a frequent need to urinate, even when there is only a small amount of urine. If left untreated, UTIs can lead to more serious complications, such as kidney infection or sepsis.

If you experience any symptoms of a UTI, it is important to seek medical attention and receive proper treatment. This usually involves a course of antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. Additionally, practicing good hygiene and staying hydrated can help prevent future UTIs.

What are the Main Factors that Cause Urinary Tract Infections?

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are commonly caused by bacteria that enter the urinary tract and multiply, leading to an infection. There are several factors that can increase the risk of developing a UTI. Understanding these factors can help in prevention and prompt treatment of UTIs.

Bacterial Infection:

The main cause of UTIs is bacterial infection. The bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common culprit, but other bacteria such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus can also cause UTIs. Bacteria can enter the urinary tract through the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. From there, the bacteria can travel up to the bladder and even reach the kidneys, causing a more severe infection.

Poor Hygiene:

Poor personal hygiene can increase the risk of developing a UTI. This includes not properly cleaning the genital area, wiping from back to front after using the bathroom, and not urinating before and after sexual activity. These practices can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract and increase the likelihood of infection.

Other risk factors for UTIs include a weakened immune system, urinary tract abnormalities or blockages, hormonal changes in women, sexual intercourse, the use of certain types of birth control, urinary catheterization, and a history of UTIs.

The symptoms of a UTI may vary, but commonly include pain or a burning sensation during urination, a frequent urge to urinate, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, pelvic pain, and blood in the urine.

Treatment for UTIs typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. Drinking plenty of water and urinating frequently can also help flush out bacteria from the urinary tract. Additionally, practicing good hygiene and avoiding potential risk factors can help prevent UTIs.

Risk Factors	Symptoms	Treatment
Bacterial infection	Painful urination Frequent urination Cloudy or strong-smelling urine Pelvic pain Blood in urine	Antibiotics Increased water intake Urinating frequently
Poor hygiene
Weak immune system
Urinary tract abnormalities or blockages
Hormonal changes in women
Sexual intercourse
Use of certain types of birth control
Urinary catheterization
History of UTIs

Bacterial Infections

Bacterial infections are one of the common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract and cause an infection. The urinary tract includes the bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys.

Symptoms of Bacterial Infections

When bacteria infect the urinary tract, it can lead to various symptoms. Common symptoms include frequent urination, a burning sensation during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and pelvic pain. Some individuals may also experience fever or blood in their urine.

Causes of Bacterial Infections

Bacterial infections in the urinary tract are typically caused by bacteria from the gut entering the urethra and traveling up the urinary tract. Sexual intercourse, lack of personal hygiene, and certain medical conditions can increase the risk of developing a bacterial infection. Women are more susceptible to bacterial infections due to their shorter urethra, which allows bacteria to reach the bladder more easily.

Treatment for Bacterial Infections

If you suspect a bacterial infection in the urinary tract, it is important to seek medical attention. A healthcare professional can perform tests to confirm the presence of bacteria and prescribe appropriate antibiotics to treat the infection. It is crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed to ensure the bacteria are eradicated and prevent the infection from recurring.

Bacterial infections can be prevented by practicing good personal hygiene, staying hydrated, and urinating before and after sexual intercourse. It is also important to wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from the anus entering the urethra.

Weakened Immune System

A weakened immune system can increase the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The urinary tract is the body’s natural defense mechanism against the bacteria that can cause UTIs. When the immune system is weakened, it may not be able to effectively fight off these bacteria, allowing them to multiply and cause an infection.

There are several factors that can weaken the immune system and make a person more susceptible to UTIs. Some of these factors include:

• Chronic illnesses such as diabetes or HIV/AIDS
• Use of immune-suppressing medications
• Undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy
• Being elderly, as immune function naturally declines with age

Symptoms of a UTI in someone with a weakened immune system may be more severe and persistent compared to someone with a healthy immune system. These symptoms can include:

• Increased urinary urgency and frequency
• Pain or discomfort during urination
• Cloudy or bloody urine
• Lower abdominal or back pain
• Fever and chills

It is important for individuals with a weakened immune system to take extra precautions to prevent UTIs. This can include practicing good hygiene, drinking plenty of water, and avoiding irritants such as caffeine and alcohol. It is also essential to seek prompt medical attention if symptoms of a UTI develop, as untreated infections can lead to more serious complications.

Sexual Activity

Sexual activity is one of the common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. During sexual intercourse, bacteria from the genital area can enter the urethra and travel up into the bladder, causing an infection.

There are a few reasons why sexual activity can increase the risk of UTIs:

1. Intercourse can introduce bacteria into the urethra: When the urethra comes into contact with bacteria from the genital area during sexual activity, it can cause an infection. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and can be present in the genital area.
2. Pressure during sex can push bacteria further into the urinary tract: The pressure exerted on the bladder and urethra during sexual activity can push bacteria further up into the urinary tract, increasing the risk of infection.

Women who are sexually active are more likely to experience recurrent UTIs. If you frequently experience UTIs after sexual activity, your healthcare provider may recommend preventive measures such as urinating before and after sex, washing the genital area before sex, and avoiding certain types of contraceptives that can increase the risk of UTIs.

If you develop symptoms such as pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, cloudy or bloody urine, or lower abdominal pain after sexual activity, it is important to seek medical treatment. Your healthcare provider can prescribe antibiotics to treat the UTI and relieve your symptoms.

Urinary Tract Abnormalities

Urinary tract abnormalities can increase the risk of developing a UTI. These abnormalities can occur in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

One common abnormality is an obstruction in the urinary tract, which can prevent the normal flow of urine and allow bacteria to build up and cause an infection. This obstruction can be caused by a urinary stone, a tumor, or a structural defect.

Symptoms of Urinary Tract Abnormalities

Depending on the location and severity of the abnormality, individuals may experience different symptoms. Some common symptoms include:

• Pain or discomfort during urination
• Frequent need to urinate
• Urgency to urinate
• Cloudy or bloody urine
• Pain or pressure in the lower abdomen or back
• Fever or chills (indicating a possible kidney infection)

Treatment for Urinary Tract Abnormalities

The treatment for urinary tract abnormalities will depend on the specific abnormality and its underlying cause. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove an obstruction or repair a structural defect. Medications may also be prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent UTI recurrence.

It is important for individuals with urinary tract abnormalities to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop an appropriate treatment plan and to take steps to reduce the risk of UTIs, such as maintaining good hygiene, staying hydrated, and completing prescribed treatments.

Menopause

Menopause is a natural biological process that signifies the end of a woman’s reproductive years. During this time, the body goes through significant hormonal changes, which can lead to various symptoms and conditions, including urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Menopause can cause changes in the urinary system, such as a decrease in the production of estrogen, which can impact the health of the urinary tract. Estrogen helps maintain the thickness and elasticity of the urinary tract lining, as well as the acidity level in the bladder, which helps prevent the growth of bacteria.

Without sufficient estrogen, the urinary tract becomes more susceptible to infections. UTIs occur when harmful bacteria, usually from the bowel, enter the urinary tract and multiply, causing an infection. Common symptoms of a UTI include pain or a burning sensation during urination, a frequent urge to urinate, cloudy or bloody urine, and pelvic pain.

Treatment

If menopausal women develop UTIs, prompt treatment is necessary to prevent complications. The most common treatment for UTIs is a course of antibiotics. This medication kills the bacteria causing the infection and helps alleviate the symptoms. It’s important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Additionally, drinking plenty of water and cranberry juice may help flush out the bacteria from the urinary tract. Avoiding irritants like caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods can also reduce urinary symptoms and provide relief.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing UTIs during menopause, women can take preventative measures. Good hygiene practices, such as wiping from front to back after using the toilet, can help prevent the spread of bacteria from the anus to the urethra.

Using water-based lubricants during sexual activity can also help reduce the likelihood of introducing bacteria into the urinary tract. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and managing stress levels, can support overall urinary tract health.

In conclusion, menopause can increase the risk of developing urinary tract infections due to hormonal changes that affect the urinary system. Prompt treatment with antibiotics and adopting preventative measures can help manage and reduce UTIs during menopause.

Catheter Use

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are commonly associated with the use of catheters, which are medical devices that help empty the bladder when a person cannot do so on their own. While catheters can be a necessary and lifesaving tool, they also pose a risk for infection.

When a catheter is inserted into the bladder, it provides a direct pathway for bacteria to enter the urinary tract. Bacteria can travel along the catheter and cause an infection in the bladder, urethra, or kidneys. The longer the catheter remains in place, the greater the risk of developing a UTI.

Treatment for UTIs caused by catheter use may involve antibiotics to clear the infection. In some cases, the catheter may need to be replaced or removed to prevent the infection from returning or worsening.

Using a catheter can also cause discomfort and pain. The insertion and presence of the catheter can irritate the urinary tract, leading to symptoms such as burning during urination or a constant urge to urinate.

In order to prevent UTIs, it is important to follow proper catheter care and hygiene practices. This includes keeping the catheter and surrounding area clean, emptying the drainage bag regularly, and ensuring proper insertion technique.

While catheters are often necessary for certain medical conditions, it is important to be aware of the potential risks and take measures to minimize the chance of developing a UTI. By understanding the causes and symptoms of UTIs associated with catheter use, individuals can work with their healthcare providers to prevent and treat these infections.

Diabetes

Diabetes is a medical condition that affects the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels. It can also increase the risk of developing urinary tract infections (UTIs).

People with diabetes are more susceptible to UTIs due to several factors. First, high blood sugar levels can provide a favorable environment for bacterial growth in the urinary system. Bacteria can easily multiply in the bladder and cause infection.

Additionally, diabetes can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. This can further increase the risk of developing a UTI.

Symptoms of a UTI in people with diabetes

The symptoms of a UTI in individuals with diabetes are similar to those without diabetes. Common symptoms include:

• Pain or burning sensation during urination
• Frequent urination
• Urgency to urinate
• Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
• Abdominal or lower back pain
• General fatigue
• Fever or chills

Treatment and prevention

If you have diabetes and develop a UTI, it is important to seek medical treatment promptly. Your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics to help clear the infection and may also provide guidance on managing your diabetes to help prevent future UTIs.

Preventing UTIs in individuals with diabetes involves maintaining good blood sugar control, practicing good hygiene, and staying well-hydrated. It is also recommended to empty the bladder frequently and completely, as this can help flush out any bacteria that may be present.

Overall, people with diabetes should be aware of the increased risk of UTIs and take proactive measures to prevent and manage these infections.

Pregnancy

Pregnancy increases the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. This is mainly due to hormonal changes and physical changes in the urinary system.

Causes of UTI during Pregnancy

• Bacteria: The most common cause of UTIs during pregnancy is the bacteria E. coli, which normally resides in the intestines but can travel to the urinary tract.
• Urinary Stasis: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause a decrease in bladder tone, leading to urinary stasis. This stagnant urine can promote bacterial growth and increase the risk of infection.
• Increased Urine Production: Pregnant women experience an increase in blood volume, which leads to increased urine production. This can also contribute to urinary stasis and increase the risk of UTIs.
• Pressure on the Bladder: As the fetus grows, it can put pressure on the bladder and urinary system, making it harder for the bladder to empty completely. This can also contribute to urinary stasis and increase the risk of infection.

Symptoms and Treatment

The symptoms of UTIs during pregnancy are similar to those in non-pregnant women and may include frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and lower abdominal pain.

It is important to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect a UTI during pregnancy, as untreated UTIs can lead to complications such as kidney infections.

Treatment for UTIs during pregnancy typically involves a course of antibiotics that are safe to use during pregnancy. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your healthcare provider.

Additionally, drinking plenty of water, urinating frequently, and practicing good hygiene can help prevent UTIs during pregnancy.

Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salt that form in the kidneys. They can vary in size and shape and can cause a lot of discomfort.

Symptoms

The presence of kidney stones can cause various symptoms, including:

• Severe pain in the back or side
• Painful urination
• Blood in the urine
• Frequent urination
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Causes

Kidney stones can be caused by several factors, such as:

• Dehydration
• High levels of certain minerals in the urine
• Family history of kidney stones
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Treatment

The treatment for kidney stones may vary depending on the size and location of the stone. This can include:

• Drinking plenty of water to help flush out the stone
• Taking pain medication to relieve discomfort
• Using medication to help dissolve the stone
• Undergoing a surgical procedure to remove the stone

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have kidney stones to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Urinary Retention

Urinary retention refers to the inability to completely empty the bladder. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections.

When the bladder is not emptied properly, it can lead to the growth of bacteria. This is because urine provides a favorable environment for bacteria to thrive. When bacteria enter the urinary tract, it can cause a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Symptoms of Urinary Retention

Urinary retention can cause several symptoms, including:

• Difficulty starting urination
• Weak urine flow
• Feeling the need to urinate frequently
• Urinary urgency
• Lower abdominal pain or discomfort
• Feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder

Causes of Urinary Retention

There are various causes of urinary retention, including:

• Prostate enlargement
• Nerve damage
• Bladder muscle dysfunction
• Obstruction in the urinary tract
• Tumors
• Medications

In some cases, urinary retention can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition. It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of urinary retention to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

If left untreated, urinary retention can lead to complications such as UTIs, bladder stones, and kidney damage. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and improve urinary function.

Obesity

Obesity can be a contributing factor to urinary tract infections (UTIs). Excess weight can put pressure on the bladder, making it difficult for the body to fully empty the bladder during urination. This can lead to stagnant urine in the bladder, which can increase the risk of bacterial growth and infection. In addition, obesity can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off urinary tract infections.

Obesity can also cause other conditions that can increase the risk of UTIs. For example, obesity is often associated with diabetes, which can impair the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels and increase the risk of infection. Obesity can also lead to hormonal imbalances, which can affect the functioning of the bladder and increase the risk of UTIs.

It is important for individuals who are overweight or obese to maintain a healthy weight to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections. This can be achieved through a combination of regular exercise and a balanced diet. Losing weight can help relieve pressure on the bladder and improve overall urinary tract health.

If you are overweight or obese and experiencing symptoms of a UTI, such as frequent urination, pain or discomfort during urination, or cloudy or bloody urine, it is important to seek medical treatment. A healthcare professional can diagnose the infection and recommend appropriate treatment, such as antibiotics, to clear the infection and relieve symptoms.

Poor Hygiene

Poor hygiene is one of the causes of urinary tract infection (UTI). When proper hygiene is not maintained, microbes and bacteria can thrive in the genital area, leading to infection.

Not washing hands regularly or not properly cleaning the genital area after using the bathroom can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract and cause UTI. It is important to wash hands before and after using the toilet to help prevent the spread of bacteria.

Additionally, improper wiping after using the toilet can also contribute to UTI. Wiping from back to front can introduce bacteria from the anus to the urethra, increasing the risk of infection. It is important to always wipe from front to back to avoid this risk.

Poor hygiene can also include not changing sanitary pads or tampons frequently enough. These products can create a moist environment, which is ideal for bacterial growth. It is important to change sanitary pads or tampons every few hours to prevent the buildup of bacteria.

If poor hygiene is identified as a cause of UTI, treatment options may include improving personal hygiene practices and using appropriate cleansing products. Maintaining good hygiene can help reduce the risk of urinary tract infections and alleviate symptoms such as pain and discomfort in the bladder and urinary tract.

Increased Age

As individuals age, they become more susceptible to developing urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Common symptoms of a UTI include frequent urination, a strong urge to urinate, cloudy or bloody urine, and a burning sensation during urination. UTIs can cause discomfort and pain, and if left untreated, can lead to more severe complications.

One of the main reasons why older adults are more prone to UTIs is a weakened immune system. As the body ages, the immune system becomes less effective at fighting off infections, making it easier for bacteria to invade and cause an infection.

Urinary Retention

In addition, older adults may experience urinary retention, which is the inability to completely empty the bladder. When urine is not fully expelled, it can become stagnant, providing an environment for bacteria to multiply. This can increase the risk of developing a UTI.

Other Risk Factors

There are several other factors that can contribute to the increased risk of UTIs in older adults. These include decreased mobility, which can lead to poor hygiene practices, such as inadequate wiping or improper cleaning of the genital area. In addition, certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or kidney stones, can also increase the likelihood of developing a UTI.

Treatment for UTIs typically involves a course of antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria causing the infection. Pain medication may also be prescribed to alleviate any discomfort or pain associated with the infection. It is important for older adults experiencing symptoms of a UTI to seek prompt medical attention to prevent the infection from progressing and causing further complications.

In conclusion, increased age is a significant risk factor for developing UTIs. Older adults should be aware of the symptoms of a UTI and seek medical attention if they experience any signs of infection. By addressing UTIs promptly, individuals can receive appropriate treatment and reduce the risk of complications.

Dehydration

Dehydration is a common cause of UTI. When the body doesn’t have enough water, it can lead to concentrated urine, which can irritate the bladder and cause urinary tract infections. When urine is concentrated, it becomes a good breeding ground for bacteria, which can then cause an infection.

How Does Dehydration Cause UTI?

When a person is dehydrated, they don’t have enough fluids in their body to properly flush out bacteria from the urinary tract. This allows bacteria to multiply and cause an infection. Additionally, dehydration can lead to reduced urine production, which can also contribute to the development of a urinary tract infection.

What Are the Symptoms of UTI Caused by Dehydration?

The symptoms of UTI caused by dehydration can be similar to those of other UTIs. Common symptoms include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and pelvic pain. It is important to stay hydrated and seek medical treatment if these symptoms occur.

Treatment and Prevention

The best way to prevent UTIs caused by dehydration is to stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water can help flush out bacteria from the urinary tract and keep the urine diluted. Additionally, practicing good hygiene and urinating before and after sexual activity can also reduce the risk of UTIs. If a UTI does occur, it is important to seek medical treatment to prevent the infection from spreading and causing further complications.

Antibiotic Use

Antibiotics are commonly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). These medications are prescribed to eliminate the bacteria that cause the infection and relieve symptoms such as pain and discomfort.

UTIs occur when bacteria from the digestive tract, usually from the anus, enter the urinary tract. The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection, which affects the lower urinary tract. Antibiotics are specifically designed to target and kill bacteria, helping to clear the infection and prevent further complications.

Symptoms of UTI

Common symptoms of a UTI include frequent urination, a strong and persistent urge to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and pelvic pain. If left untreated, UTIs can lead to more serious complications, such as kidney infections.

Treatment of UTI with Antibiotics

When diagnosed with a UTI, your healthcare provider will prescribe a suitable antibiotic based on the type of bacteria causing the infection. The most common antibiotics used for UTIs include trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that the infection is fully eradicated.

It is worth noting that excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, whereby bacteria develop mechanisms to survive the effects of antibiotics. To minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance, it is important to follow your healthcare provider’s instructions and only take antibiotics when necessary.

Genetic Predisposition

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of bladder infection, which occurs when bacteria enter the urinary system and lead to symptoms such as pain and discomfort during urination.

While UTIs are typically caused by external factors, such as bacteria entering the urethra, there is evidence to suggest that genetic predisposition can play a role in increasing the risk of developing UTIs.

Research has shown that certain genes involved in the immune system and urinary tract function may contribute to an individual’s susceptibility to UTIs. Variations in these genes can affect the body’s ability to fight off infection or prevent bacteria from adhering to the bladder walls.

Additionally, some individuals may have structural abnormalities in their urinary tract that can increase the risk of UTIs. These abnormalities can be inherited and may include conditions such as kidney or bladder malformations.

While genetic predisposition alone is not sufficient to cause UTIs, it can increase the likelihood of developing an infection when exposed to bacterial sources. Therefore, individuals with a genetic predisposition may need to take extra precautions to prevent UTIs, such as practicing good hygiene and staying hydrated.

In conclusion, while the primary cause of UTIs is bacteria entering the urinary system, genetic predisposition can play a role in increasing an individual’s susceptibility. Understanding the genetic factors involved in UTIs can help identify individuals who may be at a higher risk and develop targeted prevention and treatment strategies.

Q&A:

What are the common causes of UTI?

The common causes of UTI include bacterial infection, sexual intercourse, urinary catheterization, and blockage in the urinary tract.

Can UTI be caused by poor hygiene?

Poor hygiene can increase the risk of developing UTIs, as it can allow bacteria to enter the urinary tract more easily.

Are women more prone to UTIs than men?

Yes, women are more prone to UTIs than men. This is because the female urethra is shorter, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.

Can UTIs be caused by holding in urine for too long?

Yes, holding in urine for too long can increase the risk of developing UTIs. When urine is not voided regularly, bacteria can multiply in the urinary tract.

Can certain health conditions make a person more susceptible to UTIs?

Yes, certain health conditions like diabetes, kidney stones, and weak immune system can make a person more susceptible to UTIs.

What is a urinary tract infection?

A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection that affects any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

What are the symptoms of a UTI?

The symptoms of a UTI can vary, but common signs include a frequent urge to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, pelvic pain, and a feeling of fullness in the bladder.

What are the causes of UTIs?

UTIs are usually caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), that enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder. Sexual activity, improper hygiene, and a weakened immune system can increase the risk of developing a UTI.