A yeast infection can be an uncomfortable and irritating condition that affects many women. But did you know that it can also have an impact on your menstrual cycle? While yeast infections do not directly stop your period from occurring, they can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina, which may lead to changes in your menstrual cycle.
Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida. This overgrowth can be triggered by factors such as hormonal changes, antibiotics, or a weakened immune system. When the balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina is disrupted, it can result in symptoms such as itching, burning, and abnormal discharge. These symptoms can be particularly bothersome during your period, making it a challenging time for women who have both a yeast infection and their period simultaneously.
In some cases, a yeast infection can also lead to a condition called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is a serious infection that can cause inflammation of the reproductive organs and interfere with normal menstrual function. If left untreated, PID can lead to complications such as fertility problems and chronic pelvic pain. It is crucial to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have a yeast infection that is affecting your menstrual cycle.
Although a yeast infection itself does not stop your period, it can still have a significant impact on your menstrual cycle. The discomfort and pain associated with a yeast infection can make your period more challenging to manage. Additionally, the hormonal changes and inflammation caused by the infection can potentially disrupt the regularity of your menstrual cycle.
Understanding the Connection
Yeast infection, a common condition caused by an overgrowth of yeast in the body, can have a significant impact on your menstrual cycle. When yeast levels become imbalanced, it can disrupt the delicate hormonal balance that regulates your period.
Yeast overgrowth can stop the normal function of your menstrual cycle by affecting the production of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This disruption can lead to irregular periods, heavier or lighter flow, or even missed periods.
Additionally, the inflammation caused by a yeast infection can further disrupt your menstrual cycle. Inflammation can affect the lining of your uterus, making it difficult for the egg to implant and resulting in changes to the length and regularity of your period.
Understanding the connection between yeast infection and your menstrual cycle is crucial. If you notice any changes or abnormalities in your period, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.
Symptoms of Yeast Infection
Yeast infection can cause a variety of symptoms that can be uncomfortable and distressing. It is important to understand the signs of a yeast infection so that you can seek treatment and stop the infection from worsening.
Vaginal Symptoms
Most yeast infections occur in the vaginal area, and the symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Common vaginal symptoms of a yeast infection include:
Symptom | Description |
---|---|
Itching or irritation | The vaginal area may feel itchy and irritated, causing discomfort. |
Burning sensation | A burning sensation may occur during urination or intercourse. |
Abnormal discharge | A thick, white, and clumpy discharge that resembles cottage cheese may be present. |
Other Symptoms
In addition to vaginal symptoms, yeast infections can also cause other symptoms throughout the body. These can include:
- Redness and swelling of the vulva
- Soreness and pain in the vaginal area
- Rash or red patches on the skin
- Cracked skin around the vagina
- Discomfort during sexual intercourse
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Yeast infections can be easily treated with antifungal medications, but it is essential to address the infection promptly to avoid complications.
Effect on Hormonal Balance
A yeast infection can disrupt the hormonal balance in your body, which can have an impact on your menstrual cycle. The overgrowth of yeast can affect the levels of estrogen and progesterone, two hormones that regulate your period.
Estrogen is responsible for starting the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for pregnancy. When yeast overgrowth occurs, it can interfere with the normal production and regulation of estrogen. This disruption can result in irregular or missed periods.
Similarly, yeast infection can affect the levels of progesterone, which plays a crucial role in regulating the second half of the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for implantation. When there is an imbalance in progesterone levels due to a yeast infection, it can cause changes in the duration and intensity of your period.
Can a Yeast Infection Stop Your Period?
In some cases, a yeast infection can disrupt your menstrual cycle to the extent that it may stop your period temporarily. This can be a result of the hormonal imbalance caused by the infection. However, it is important to note that a temporary disruption in your menstrual cycle does not mean that you are not at risk of any other complications.
If you experience a missed period or any other irregularities in your menstrual cycle, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Irregular Menstrual Cycle
A yeast infection can disrupt the regularity of your menstrual cycle. The infection can cause changes in the vaginal pH, which can alter the hormonal balance in your body. This hormonal imbalance can lead to irregularities in your menstrual cycle, such as a lighter or heavier flow, longer or shorter duration, or even missed periods.
The presence of yeast in the vagina can also cause inflammation and irritation, which can further affect your menstrual cycle. The inflammation can interfere with the normal shedding of the uterine lining, leading to irregular bleeding patterns.
If left untreated, a yeast infection can stop your menstrual cycle altogether. This is because the infection can cause significant hormonal disruptions that prevent the normal release of eggs and the shedding of the uterine lining.
Symptoms
- Changes in menstrual flow
- Longer or shorter periods
- Missed periods
- Spotting or irregular bleeding
- Pain or discomfort during menstruation
Treatment
If you suspect that a yeast infection is affecting your menstrual cycle, it is important to seek medical attention. A healthcare provider can diagnose the infection and recommend appropriate treatment options, such as antifungal medications or creams. Treating the yeast infection can help restore hormonal balance and regulate your menstrual cycle.
Additionally, practicing good hygiene and avoiding irritants, such as harsh soaps or scented products, can help prevent recurrent yeast infections and protect your menstrual health.
Overall, it is important to be aware of the potential impact that a yeast infection can have on your menstrual cycle. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking prompt medical care can help ensure that any disruptions to your menstrual cycle are addressed and treated effectively.
Influence on Menstrual Flow
Yeast infection can have an impact on the regularity and flow of your menstrual cycle. The presence of a yeast infection can stop or delay the shedding of the uterine lining, leading to changes in the length and volume of your period.
If you have a yeast infection during your period, it can worsen symptoms such as itching, burning, and discomfort. The infection can also cause an increase in vaginal discharge, which may affect the consistency and color of menstrual blood.
Length of Period
A yeast infection can prolong your period as the presence of the infection can interfere with the shedding of the uterine lining. This delay can result in a longer period than usual.
Volume of Menstrual Blood
Yeast infection can alter the volume of menstrual blood. In some cases, the infection can cause heavier than normal periods due to increased inflammation in the vaginal area. On the other hand, the infection can also lead to lighter periods as it affects the shedding process.
It’s important to note that not all women will experience changes in menstrual flow due to a yeast infection. However, if you notice any abnormal changes or symptoms during your period, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Painful Menstruation
Yeast infection can have various effects on your menstrual cycle, and one common symptom women may experience is painful menstruation.
During your period, the lining of your uterus sheds and is expelled from the body. This process is generally accompanied by cramping and discomfort.
However, when you have a yeast infection, the presence of excess yeast can further contribute to inflammation and irritation in the vaginal area, making your menstrual period even more painful.
How yeast infection can affect your period
Yeast overgrowth can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in your vagina, leading to an overgrowth of yeast and an increased risk of infection.
This infection can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and increased sensitivity in the vaginal area, which can make your menstruation more uncomfortable.
How to stop the pain
If you’re experiencing painful menstruation due to a yeast infection, it’s important to seek medical advice to properly diagnose and treat the infection.
Your healthcare provider may recommend antifungal medications to help clear the infection and reduce symptoms.
In addition to medical treatment, there are also some self-care measures you can take to alleviate pain during your period:
- Applying a warm compress to your lower abdomen
- Taking over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen
- Using a heating pad or hot water bottle
- Engaging in gentle exercise or stretching
- Practicing relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or yoga
Remember, if you’re experiencing severe or persistent pain during your period, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional to rule out any underlying conditions and ensure you receive appropriate treatment.
Changes in Menstrual Duration
Yeast infections can have an impact on your menstrual cycle, including changes in the duration of your period. When you have a yeast infection, it can disrupt the normal hormonal balance in your body, which can affect your menstrual cycle.
Some women may experience longer or heavier periods when they have a yeast infection. This is because the infection can cause inflammation and irritation in the vaginal area, which can lead to increased blood flow and a longer duration of your period.
On the other hand, some women may experience a shorter period when they have a yeast infection. This can be due to the disruption of the hormonal balance, which can affect the shedding of the uterine lining during menstruation.
If you notice any changes in the duration of your period, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause. They can help determine if a yeast infection is the reason behind the changes and provide appropriate treatment.
Remember, a yeast infection can affect your menstrual cycle, but it is important to address the infection properly to avoid any further complications. Don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider for guidance and support.
Impact on Fertility
A yeast infection can potentially have an impact on fertility and disrupt the regularity of your menstrual cycle. When a yeast infection occurs, it can lead to inflammation and irritation in the vaginal area. This can cause discomfort and pain during intercourse, making it difficult for sperm to reach the cervix and fertilize an egg. Additionally, the overgrowth of yeast can disrupt the delicate balance of bacteria in the vagina, which is crucial for maintaining a healthy reproductive system.
During a yeast infection, the pH balance of the vagina may also be altered, making it less conducive for sperm survival and movement. This can make conception more challenging, as the sperm may not be able to properly swim through the vaginal canal and reach the fallopian tubes where fertilization typically occurs. The presence of an infection can also impact the quality of cervical mucus, which is essential for facilitating the passage of sperm through the reproductive tract.
In some cases, a yeast infection can even stop your period altogether. The hormonal changes and disruptions caused by the infection can affect the normal functioning of the ovaries, leading to irregular or absent menstrual cycles. This can make it difficult to track ovulation and plan for pregnancy.
The Importance of Treatment
If you suspect that you have a yeast infection and are trying to conceive, it is important to seek treatment. Untreated yeast infections can persist and continue to disrupt your fertility. Your healthcare provider can prescribe antifungal medications to help clear the infection and restore your vaginal health. They may also recommend lifestyle changes, such as avoiding douching or wearing loose-fitting clothing, to reduce the risk of future infections.
By addressing and treating yeast infections promptly, you can help minimize their impact on your menstrual cycle and fertility. It is important to maintain open communication with your healthcare provider and address any concerns or symptoms that may arise. With proper care, you can increase your chances of conceiving and maintaining a healthy reproductive system.
Note: If you are experiencing fertility issues or have concerns about your reproductive health, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
Increased Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Infection can have a significant impact on your menstrual cycle. Yeast infection, in particular, can disrupt the normal balance of good and bad bacteria in your vagina, leading to an overgrowth of Candida albicans. This overgrowth can cause various symptoms, including itching, burning, and discharge.
But the effects of a yeast infection don’t stop there. When left untreated, it can increase your risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is an infection of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
How does a yeast infection increase the risk of PID?
When the balance of bacteria in your vagina is disrupted, harmful bacteria can thrive and travel up into the upper reproductive system. This can lead to inflammation and infection in the pelvic organs, causing PID.
During your period, the cervix is more open, allowing bacteria to easily enter the uterus. If you have a yeast infection and your period coincides with it, the risk of bacterial invasion becomes even higher. The combination of a compromised vaginal environment and menstrual blood provides an ideal breeding ground for bacteria.
The importance of timely treatment
If you suspect you have a yeast infection, it’s crucial to seek treatment promptly to minimize the risk of developing PID. See a healthcare professional who can accurately diagnose and prescribe the appropriate antifungal medication.
It’s also vital to maintain good vaginal hygiene, avoid douching, and wear breathable underwear. These actions can help restore and maintain the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.
If you experience symptoms of a yeast infection or suspect you have PID, make an appointment with your doctor as soon as possible. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing complications and maintaining your reproductive health.
Remember, infection can affect your period, but taking the necessary steps can help protect your reproductive system.
Yeast Infection and Vaginal Discharge
A yeast infection can have various effects on your menstrual cycle, including changes in vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge is a normal part of a woman’s reproductive system. It helps to keep the vagina clean and free from infection.
However, when you have a yeast infection, the vaginal discharge can change in consistency, color, and odor. Normally, vaginal discharge is clear or white and has a mild odor. But when a yeast infection is present, the discharge may become thick, white, and lumpy, similar to cottage cheese. It may also have a strong, unpleasant odor.
Yeast infections can disrupt the hormonal balance in the body, which can affect your menstrual cycle. Some women may experience changes in the length of their period or the amount of blood flow during their period. In some cases, the infection may even cause your period to stop temporarily.
If you notice any changes in your vaginal discharge or experience other symptoms such as itching, burning, or pain during urination or intercourse, it is important to see a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment. Yeast infections are typically treated with antifungal medications, which can help to clear the infection and relieve symptoms.
Preventing Yeast Infections
To help prevent yeast infections and maintain a healthy vaginal environment, it is important to practice good hygiene and follow these tips:
- Keep the genital area clean and dry
- Avoid douching, as it can disrupt the natural pH balance of the vagina
- Wear breathable underwear and avoid tight-fitting clothing
- Avoid using scented products in the genital area, such as bubble baths, scented tampons, and perfumed soaps
- Use condoms during sexual intercourse to help prevent the spread of infections
- Include probiotics in your diet to promote healthy bacteria in the body
By taking these preventive measures and seeking prompt treatment when necessary, you can help to minimize the risk of yeast infections and maintain a healthy menstrual cycle.
Yeast Infection and PMS
A yeast infection is a common vaginal infection that is caused by an overgrowth of yeast in the vagina. This infection can cause discomfort and a range of symptoms, including itching, burning, and a thick, white discharge. While yeast infections are not directly related to PMS, they can still have an impact on your menstrual cycle.
When you have a yeast infection, it can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and yeast in your vagina. This imbalance can affect your hormone levels and lead to changes in your menstrual cycle. Some women may experience a delay in their period, while others may have a heavier or lighter flow. In some cases, the infection can even stop your period altogether.
If you are experiencing symptoms of a yeast infection and notice changes in your menstrual cycle, it is important to see a healthcare provider. They can diagnose and treat the infection, which may help normalize your menstrual cycle. They may also recommend lifestyle changes or medications to help manage any discomfort or pain associated with the infection.
To help prevent yeast infections and minimize their impact on your menstrual cycle, it is important to practice good hygiene. This includes keeping your genital area clean and dry, avoiding irritating products, wearing breathable underwear, and avoiding tight-fitting clothing. Additionally, maintaining a healthy diet and managing stress can also help support a balanced vaginal environment.
In conclusion, while yeast infections are not directly related to PMS, they can have an impact on your menstrual cycle. If you are experiencing symptoms of a yeast infection and notice changes in your period, it is important to seek medical attention. By addressing the infection and practicing good hygiene, you can help reduce the impact it has on your menstrual cycle.
Prevention and Treatment
If you are experiencing yeast infections during your period, there are several measures you can take to prevent and treat them. Here are some recommendations:
1. Maintain good hygiene
Keeping the genital area clean and dry is essential in preventing yeast infections. Make sure to wash the area with mild soap and water and pat it dry gently. Avoid using harsh soaps or douches that can upset the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.
2. Wear breathable underwear
Cotton underwear allows for better air circulation and helps to keep the vaginal area dry. Avoid wearing tight, synthetic undergarments that can trap moisture and create an ideal environment for yeast growth.
3. Avoid using scented products
Scented tampons, pads, and menstrual products can irritate the vaginal area and potentially disrupt the natural balance of bacteria. Opt for unscented products to minimize the risk of yeast infections.
4. Change tampons and pads regularly
During your period, it is important to change tampons and pads frequently. This helps to prevent the buildup of moisture and reduces the risk of yeast overgrowth.
5. Use over-the-counter antifungal treatments
If you develop a yeast infection during your period, over-the-counter antifungal creams or suppositories can help to alleviate symptoms and stop the growth of yeast. Follow the instructions provided and complete the full course of treatment to ensure effectiveness.
6. Consult a healthcare professional
If your yeast infections persist or recur frequently, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional. They can provide a proper diagnosis and may prescribe stronger antifungal medications or offer additional advice for prevention and treatment.
By following these preventative measures and seeking appropriate treatment, you can effectively manage and reduce the impact of yeast infections on your menstrual cycle.
Maintaining Good Hygiene
During your period, it is important to maintain good hygiene to prevent the occurrence or worsening of yeast infections. Yeast infections can disrupt your menstrual cycle and cause discomfort. Here are some tips on how to maintain good hygiene:
Avoid using scented products | Avoid using scented tampons or pads as the fragrance can irritate the vaginal area and disrupt the natural balance of bacteria. |
Change your tampons or pads frequently | Make sure to change your tampons or pads every 4-6 hours to prevent the build-up of moisture, which can create an environment conducive to yeast growth. |
Wear breathable underwear | Opt for cotton underwear that is breathable and helps to keep the vaginal area dry. Avoid wearing tight-fitting or synthetic underwear that can trap moisture. |
Clean the vaginal area properly | When cleaning the vaginal area, use mild soap and warm water. Avoid using harsh soaps or douches, as they can disrupt the natural pH balance and increase the risk of yeast infections. |
Avoid staying in wet clothes | After swimming or exercising, change out of wet clothes as soon as possible. Wet clothes can create a warm and moist environment that promotes yeast overgrowth. |
Practice safe sex | Using condoms and practicing safe sex can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections that can cause or worsen yeast infections. |
By following these hygiene tips, you can reduce the likelihood of developing a yeast infection during your period and maintain a healthy menstrual cycle.
Optimizing Gut Health
When it comes to your menstrual cycle, maintaining healthy gut function is crucial. A yeast infection can disrupt the balance of bacteria in your gut, leading to digestive issues and impacting your period.
Yeast infections are commonly caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a type of fungus that naturally resides in your gut. However, certain factors can contribute to an overgrowth and cause symptoms like itching, burning, and a thick, white discharge.
Having a yeast infection can stop your period or cause irregularities in your menstrual cycle. The inflammation and discomfort caused by the infection can disrupt the hormonal balance in your body, leading to changes in your period. Additionally, the stress and discomfort of a yeast infection can affect your overall well-being, making it even more important to prioritize gut health.
To optimize gut health and minimize the risk of yeast infections, it’s essential to maintain a balanced diet, rich in fiber and probiotics. Probiotics can help promote the growth of good bacteria in your gut, preventing the overgrowth of Candida. Foods such as yogurt, sauerkraut, and kefir are excellent sources of probiotics that you can incorporate into your daily diet.
In addition to diet, managing stress levels and practicing good hygiene can also support gut health. Stress can weaken your immune system, making it more susceptible to fungal infections, so finding healthy ways to manage stress is crucial. Proper hygiene, including regular handwashing and avoiding douching, can help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in your gut and prevent yeast infections.
Overall, taking care of your gut health is essential for regulating your menstrual cycle and preventing the discomfort of yeast infections. By prioritizing a balanced diet, managing stress, and practicing good hygiene, you can optimize your gut health and support overall well-being.
Using Probiotics
Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for your body, especially your digestive system. They can help restore the natural balance of bacteria in your body and support a healthy immune system. When it comes to yeast infection and the menstrual cycle, using probiotics can be beneficial.
How probiotics can help with yeast infection during your period:
- Prevention: Probiotics can help prevent yeast infections by creating an environment in your body that discourages the growth of harmful bacteria. By maintaining a healthy balance of bacteria, probiotics can reduce the risk of infection.
- Supporting the immune system: Probiotics can strengthen your immune system, making it more effective at fighting off infections, including yeast infections. A strong immune system can help prevent and manage yeast infections during your period.
- Restoring balance: Yeast infections can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in your body. Probiotics can help restore this balance by replenishing the good bacteria and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, thereby reducing the symptoms of yeast infection.
How to use probiotics:
- Choose the right strain: Not all probiotics are the same. Look for specific strains that have been shown to be effective against yeast infections, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Lactobacillus acidophilus.
- Take them orally: Probiotics are available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and yogurts. Take them orally according to the instructions on the package.
- Consult your healthcare provider: If you’re unsure about which probiotic to use or how to use them, consult your healthcare provider. They can recommend the right probiotic and provide guidance on usage.
Using probiotics can be a natural and effective way to manage yeast infections during your period. However, it’s important to note that probiotics alone may not be enough to treat a severe or recurring infection. If you’re experiencing persistent symptoms or have concerns, consult your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
Antifungal Medications
Your menstrual period can sometimes stop or alter the course of a yeast infection. Luckily, there are antifungal medications available to help treat and manage the infection.
Antifungal medications are specifically designed to target and eliminate fungal infections. They work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of yeast cells, helping to alleviate symptoms and restore balance in the affected area.
There are several types of antifungal medications available, including over-the-counter options and prescription-strength treatments. Over-the-counter antifungal creams, ointments, and suppositories usually contain active ingredients like clotrimazole, miconazole, or tioconazole. These medications are convenient and readily accessible, allowing you to treat the infection at home.
If your yeast infection is severe or recurring, your healthcare provider may prescribe stronger antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or terconazole. These medications are often taken orally or applied directly to the affected area for more targeted treatment and faster relief.
It’s important to use antifungal medications as directed and complete the full course of treatment, even if your symptoms improve before it’s finished. This helps ensure that the infection is fully eradicated, reducing the risk of it returning in the future.
In addition to antifungal medications, there are lifestyle changes you can make to help prevent yeast infections and support your overall vaginal health. These include wearing breathable cotton underwear, avoiding tight-fitting clothing, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding douching.
If you’re experiencing recurrent yeast infections or have concerns about how your menstrual cycle may be affecting your infection, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider. They can provide guidance, recommend appropriate treatment options, and help address any underlying issues.
Seeking Medical Advice
If you suspect that your yeast infection is affecting your menstrual cycle, it is important to seek medical advice. Your period can be a good indicator of your overall health, and any changes or disruptions in your cycle may be a sign of an underlying problem.
A healthcare professional can help determine if your yeast infection is indeed impacting your menstrual cycle. They may perform a physical examination, ask about your symptoms and medical history, and possibly order additional tests.
It can be tempting to try to treat a yeast infection on your own, but self-diagnosis and self-treatment can be risky. Without the guidance of a healthcare professional, you may not be addressing the root cause of the infection, which could lead to recurrent infections or more serious complications.
If you are experiencing symptoms such as irregular periods, heavy bleeding, or prolonged periods in addition to your yeast infection, it is even more important to seek medical advice. These could be signs of other underlying issues that need to be addressed.
Remember that your healthcare provider is there to help you. They can provide the appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan based on your specific situation. Seeking medical advice will help ensure that you address any concerns and get back to a healthy and regular menstrual cycle.
Question and answer:
What are the symptoms of a yeast infection?
The symptoms of a yeast infection include itching and irritation in the vagina, a burning sensation during urination, and a thick, white discharge.
Can yeast infection affect my menstrual cycle?
Yes, yeast infection can affect your menstrual cycle. It can cause irregular periods, heavier or lighter flow, and increased PMS symptoms.
How does yeast infection affect hormone levels?
Yeast infection can disrupt the balance of hormones in the body, leading to hormonal imbalances that can affect the menstrual cycle.
Can yeast infection delay my period?
Yes, yeast infection can potentially delay your period. The hormonal imbalance caused by the infection can affect the timing of ovulation and menstrual bleeding.
What should I do if I suspect a yeast infection is affecting my menstrual cycle?
If you suspect that a yeast infection is affecting your menstrual cycle, it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider. They can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options.
Can a yeast infection affect your menstrual cycle?
Yes, a yeast infection can potentially affect your menstrual cycle. The infection can cause an imbalance in the vaginal flora, which may lead to abnormal changes in your menstrual cycle.