Stages of HIV Infection: A Comprehensive Guide

HIV infection, also known as human immunodeficiency virus infection, is a complex and progressive disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the gradual weakening of the body’s immune system, leaving individuals vulnerable to a range of infections and diseases.

The stages of HIV infection can be divided into several distinct phases, each with its own set of symptoms and implications for treatment. Understanding these stages is crucial for both individuals who are currently living with HIV and those who are at risk of becoming infected.

Who is at risk of HIV infection? Anyone can become infected with HIV, regardless of their age, gender, or sexual orientation. However, certain populations are more at risk than others. This includes individuals who engage in unprotected sex, those who share needles or syringes, and newborns born to HIV-positive mothers. Additionally, individuals with a compromised immune system, such as those with other sexually transmitted infections or who have undergone organ transplantation, may also be more susceptible to HIV infection.

Understanding the Stages of HIV Infection

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Understanding the stages of HIV infection is crucial for early detection and appropriate treatment.

HIV infection progresses through several stages, each with its own characteristics and impacts on the body. These stages are:

Acute HIV infection: This is the early stage of HIV infection, usually occurring within 2-4 weeks after exposure. During this stage, the virus rapidly multiplies in the body, and symptoms may resemble those of the flu, such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. It is important to get tested during this stage to prevent further transmission.
Chronic HIV infection: If left untreated, HIV infection progresses to the chronic stage. During this stage, the virus continues to multiply, while the immune system tries to fight it off. People in this stage may not experience any symptoms or only mild symptoms, such as persistent fatigue or swollen lymph nodes.
Advanced HIV infection: This stage is also known as AIDS. At this point, the immune system is severely damaged, and the person is at high risk for opportunistic infections and certain cancers. Symptoms may include severe weight loss, chronic diarrhea, and recurring infections.

It is important to note that not everyone progresses through these stages at the same rate. Factors such as individual biology, access to healthcare, and treatment adherence can influence the progression of HIV infection. Regular testing, early diagnosis, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy are crucial for managing HIV infection and preventing its progression to AIDS.

Primary HIV Infection

Primary HIV infection, also known as acute HIV infection or recent HIV infection, is the first stage of HIV infection. It occurs within the first few weeks after a person has been infected with the virus.

Symptoms

During this stage, some people may experience flu-like symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and rash. These symptoms may occur as the body responds to the HIV infection.

Testing

It is important to get tested for HIV during this stage, as the virus can be highly contagious. Early detection can lead to better treatment outcomes and prevent further transmission of the virus to others.

Who is at risk?

Anyone who engages in high-risk behaviors such as unprotected sex or sharing needles is at risk of acquiring HIV infection. It is crucial for individuals in these high-risk groups to get tested regularly to detect HIV infection at an early stage.

In conclusion, primary HIV infection is the first stage of HIV infection, occurring shortly after a person is infected with the virus. Recognizing the symptoms and getting tested is crucial for early detection and better treatment outcomes.

Asymptomatic HIV Infection

At this stage of HIV infection, individuals who have been infected with HIV may not experience any symptoms. This is known as asymptomatic HIV infection. However, it is important to note that even during this stage, the virus is still present in the body and can be transmitted to others.

During this stage, the immune system is still working to fight off the virus. The CD4 cell count, which is an indicator of immune system health, may still be relatively high. However, the virus is actively replicating and gradually causing damage to immune system cells.

Regular HIV testing is crucial during this stage, as individuals may not be aware that they are infected. Early detection of HIV allows for timely interventions and access to HIV treatment, which can help slow down the progression of the disease.

Key Points
Asymptomatic HIV infection is a stage of HIV infection where individuals do not experience any symptoms.
The virus is still present in the body and can be transmitted to others during this stage.
Regular HIV testing is important to detect the infection early and initiate timely interventions.
HIV treatment can help slow down the progression of the disease and improve the overall health and well-being of individuals living with HIV.

Early Symptomatic HIV Infection

Early symptomatic HIV infection is a stage that occurs after the acute stage of HIV infection. During this stage, the virus is actively replicating and spreading throughout the body.

One of the key characteristics of early symptomatic HIV infection is the appearance of symptoms. These symptoms can vary from person to person, but commonly include:

Fever: Many individuals with early symptomatic HIV infection experience a persistent low-grade fever.
Fatigue: Feelings of extreme tiredness and lack of energy are common during this stage.
Sore throat: Many individuals experience a sore, scratchy throat.
Lymphadenopathy: Swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpits, and groin, are a common symptom.
Rash: A rash may develop on the skin, often appearing as small, red bumps or as a generalized rash.
Headache: Many individuals experience persistent headaches during early symptomatic HIV infection.
Muscle and joint pain: Pain and stiffness in the muscles and joints are common symptoms.

It’s important to note that these symptoms can be easily mistaken for those of other illnesses, making early symptomatic HIV infection difficult to identify without a proper HIV test. Individuals who experience any of these symptoms should seek medical attention and consider getting tested for HIV.

Early symptomatic HIV infection is an important stage to be aware of, as it signifies that the virus is progressing and causing damage to the immune system. Getting tested and seeking early treatment can help improve outcomes and reduce the risk of developing complications associated with advanced stages of HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final stage of HIV infection, which is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is characterized by a severely weakened immune system, making the infected individual more susceptible to various opportunistic infections and certain types of cancers.

HIV, a retrovirus, attacks and destroys the CD4 cells of the immune system, which are crucial for fighting infections. As the number of CD4 cells decreases, the immune system becomes progressively weaker, leading to a wide range of symptoms and complications associated with AIDS.

People with HIV may progress to AIDS if they do not receive proper treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines AIDS as having a CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm³ or having an AIDS-defining condition, such as certain opportunistic infections or cancers.

Without effective treatment, individuals with AIDS may experience severe illnesses and a significantly reduced life expectancy. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate management, the progression of HIV infection to AIDS can be delayed or prevented, allowing individuals to live longer and healthier lives.

It is important for individuals at risk of HIV infection to get tested regularly and to seek prompt medical care if diagnosed with HIV. Treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively suppress HIV replication, preserve immune function, and reduce the risk of developing AIDS.

Additionally, education and awareness about safe sex practices, the use of sterile needles for drug injections, and other preventive measures can help reduce the spread of HIV and the incidence of AIDS globally.

Pre-AIDS

The stages of HIV infection can be divided into several phases, with the pre-AIDS stage being one of them. During this phase, individuals who are infected with HIV may not show any symptoms or signs of illness for an extended period of time.

WHO defines this stage as being the asymptomatic period of HIV infection, when the virus is present in the body but has not yet caused any significant damage to the immune system. This stage can last for many years, and it’s important to note that not all individuals progress through the stages of HIV infection at the same rate.

Diagnosis and Monitoring

During the pre-AIDS stage, diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection are crucial in order to track the progression of the virus and assess the overall health of the individual.

Regular HIV testing is recommended for individuals who are at risk of infection, as well as for those who may have been exposed to the virus. Testing allows for early detection and intervention, which can lead to better management of the disease and improved outcomes.

Treatment Options

While there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can be initiated during the pre-AIDS stage to help slow down the progression of the virus and prevent the onset of AIDS. ART involves taking a combination of medications that suppress the replication of the virus in the body.

It is important for individuals in the pre-AIDS stage to work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to their specific needs. Adherence to medication and regular medical check-ups are essential for maintaining a healthy immune system and preventing the advancement of HIV infection.

Benefits of Early Intervention	Possible Complications
Improved quality of life	Opportunistic infections
Reduced risk of transmission	Decline in immune function
Delayed progression to AIDS	Development of AIDS-related illnesses

Opportunistic Infections

Opportunistic infections are a major concern for individuals living with HIV. As the virus progresses through the different stages of infection, the immune system weakens, making it easier for opportunistic infections to take hold.

HIV affects the body’s ability to fight off infections and diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are three main stages of HIV infection: acute HIV infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. Opportunistic infections typically occur during the clinical latency and AIDS stages.

During the clinical latency stage, also known as the chronic HIV infection stage, the virus continues to multiply but at much lower levels. The immune system is still intact but gradually becomes weaker over time. Opportunistic infections that can occur during this stage include:

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
Tuberculosis (TB)
Toxoplasmosis
Invasive cervical cancer
Recurrent severe bacterial pneumonia
Cryptococcal meningitis

As the disease progresses to the AIDS stage, the immune system is severely damaged, and the risk of opportunistic infections increases dramatically. Some of the common opportunistic infections that occur during this stage include:

Esophageal candidiasis (thrush)
Cryptosporidiosis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis
HIV-associated dementia
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Salmonella septicemia

It is important for individuals living with HIV to be aware of the risk of opportunistic infections and to take steps to prevent them. This includes practicing good hygiene, taking antiretroviral therapy as prescribed, and getting regular medical check-ups.

Early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections are crucial for managing HIV and preventing further complications. Individuals with HIV should seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms of an opportunistic infection, such as persistent fevers, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, or unusual skin lesions.

Opportunistic Infections: Candidiasis

Candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection that can occur at different stages of HIV infection. It is caused by a fungus called Candida, which is normally present in the body but can overgrow and cause an infection when the immune system is weakened.

In the early stages of HIV infection, candidiasis most commonly affects the mouth and throat, leading to a condition known as oral thrush. Symptoms of oral thrush may include white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, or roof of the mouth, as well as difficulty swallowing or a sore throat. In some cases, the infection can spread to the esophagus, causing deeper pain and difficulty swallowing.

As HIV infection progresses and the immune system further weakens, candidiasis can affect other areas of the body. In particular, it can cause infections in the genital area, resulting in symptoms such as itching, redness, and a cottage cheese-like discharge in women. Men may experience similar symptoms on the penis, as well as pain or discomfort during urination.

In addition to the mouth, throat, and genital area, candidiasis can also affect the skin and nails. Skin infections may appear as a red, itchy rash with raised borders, while nail infections can cause the nails to become discolored, thickened, or brittle.

Treatment for candidiasis often involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, that can be taken orally or applied topically. In severe cases or when the infection does not respond to treatment, intravenous antifungal medications may be necessary.

Preventing candidiasis is important for individuals with HIV infection. This can be achieved by maintaining good personal hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing of the teeth, and avoiding behaviors that can weaken the immune system, such as smoking and drug use. It is also recommended to avoid sexual activity during the acute stages of infection to prevent the spread of candidiasis.

If you have HIV infection, it is important to work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor your immune system and manage any opportunistic infections, including candidiasis. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes, the impact of candidiasis on your health can be minimized.

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Opportunistic Infections: Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is one of the most common opportunistic infections in people with HIV.

People living with HIV are at a higher risk of developing TB due to their weakened immune system. The immune system is the body’s natural defense against infections. However, HIV weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections like TB.

TB primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, bones, and brain. It is a contagious disease and spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Who is at risk of developing TB? Individuals who are HIV-positive, have not been vaccinated against TB, and have been in contact with someone who has active TB are at a higher risk.

Early symptoms of TB include persistent cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. If left untreated, TB can be life-threatening.

Diagnosing TB in people with HIV can be challenging as the symptoms may be similar to other infections. Healthcare providers often perform a combination of tests, including sputum samples, chest X-rays, and blood tests, to confirm the presence of TB.

Treatment for TB in people with HIV involves a combination of antibiotics for an extended period, typically 6 to 9 months. The treatment helps to kill the bacteria and prevent the spread of the infection to other individuals.

Prevention is crucial in controlling the spread of TB in people with HIV. It is recommended for individuals living with HIV to get tested for TB regularly and receive the appropriate treatment if diagnosed with the infection. Additionally, it is essential to practice good respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of TB.

In conclusion, TB is a common opportunistic infection in people with HIV. Being aware of the risk factors, early symptoms, and appropriate prevention measures can help individuals living with HIV to manage and prevent this potentially life-threatening infection.

Opportunistic Infections: Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Pneumocystis pneumonia is a common opportunistic infection that can occur in people at different stages of HIV infection. It is caused by a fungus called Pneumocystis jirovecii and is one of the most common and serious complications of HIV/AIDS.

Pneumocystis pneumonia primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those who are in the late stages of HIV infection. In people with healthy immune systems, the body is typically able to keep the fungus in check. However, in individuals with weakened immune systems, the fungus can proliferate and cause infection.

Common symptoms of Pneumocystis pneumonia include coughing, shortness of breath, fever, and fatigue. These symptoms may worsen over time if left untreated. If Pneumocystis pneumonia is suspected, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia usually involves a combination of antifungal medications, typically administered orally or intravenously. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to provide supportive care and ensure the effective delivery of medications.

Prevention is key in reducing the risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia in individuals with HIV. This includes maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regularly taking antiretroviral medications to keep the HIV infection under control, and following the advice of healthcare professionals regarding vaccination against pneumococcal disease.

In conclusion, Pneumocystis pneumonia is an opportunistic infection that can occur in people at different stages of HIV infection. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential, and prevention measures should be taken to reduce the risk of infection. Individuals with HIV should work closely with their healthcare team to manage their condition and prevent complications.

Opportunistic Infections: Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common opportunistic infection that can affect individuals who have HIV at any stage of infection. CMV is a type of herpes virus that can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild to severe. It can affect different parts of the body, including the eyes, lungs, and digestive tract.

CMV is spread through contact with bodily fluids, such as saliva, urine, blood, or semen. People with HIV who have a weakened immune system are at a higher risk of developing CMV infection, as their body may not be able to effectively fight off the virus.

In the early stages of HIV infection, CMV may cause symptoms similar to flu, such as fever, fatigue, and muscle aches. As HIV progresses, CMV can cause more severe symptoms, including vision problems, pneumonia, and gastrointestinal issues.

CMV can be diagnosed through blood or urine tests, and treatment usually involves antiviral medications. It is important for individuals with HIV to undergo regular screenings for CMV and other opportunistic infections, as early detection and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

Preventing CMV infection is important for individuals with HIV. This can be done by practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, and maintaining good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing.

In conclusion, CMV is an opportunistic infection that can affect individuals with HIV at any stage of infection. It is important for individuals with HIV to be aware of the risks and symptoms of CMV and to seek medical attention if they experience any concerning symptoms. With early detection and proper treatment, individuals with HIV can manage CMV infection and prevent complications.

Opportunistic Infections: Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection that can occur in individuals at different stages of HIV infection. It is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, which can be found in contaminated food or water, and in the feces of infected cats.

People who are in the early stages of HIV infection, who have a weakened immune system, are at a higher risk of developing toxoplasmosis. This is because their immune system may not be able to control the infection as effectively as someone with a healthy immune system.

The symptoms of toxoplasmosis can vary depending on where the infection occurs in the body. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches, and flu-like symptoms. In some cases, the infection can spread to the brain and cause more severe symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and headaches.

Toxoplasmosis is diagnosed through blood tests and imaging tests such as CT scans or MRIs to look for signs of infection in the brain. Treatment usually involves a combination of medications to help kill the parasite and reduce symptoms. If left untreated, toxoplasmosis can be a serious and potentially life-threatening infection.

Preventing toxoplasmosis in individuals with HIV infection involves taking precautions to reduce the risk of exposure to the parasite. This may include avoiding undercooked or raw meat, washing hands thoroughly after handling raw meat, and avoiding contact with cat feces.

In conclusion, toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection that can occur in individuals at different stages of HIV infection. It is important for individuals with HIV to be aware of the risks and symptoms of toxoplasmosis and take steps to prevent infection.

Opportunistic Infections: Cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection that occurs in individuals with advanced stages of HIV infection. It is caused by a fungus called Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found in soil and pigeon droppings. When inhaled, the fungus can enter the lungs and spread to other parts of the body, including the brain.

In individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV, Cryptococcus neoformans can cause severe illness. The infection usually starts in the lungs and then spreads to the central nervous system, causing a condition known as cryptococcal meningitis. This can result in symptoms such as headache, fever, confusion, and neck stiffness.

Cryptococcosis is considered an AIDS-defining illness, meaning that its presence indicates a diagnosis of AIDS. It typically occurs in individuals with a CD4 cell count below 100 cells/µL, indicating significant immune system damage.

Detection and Treatment

Diagnosing cryptococcosis involves collecting samples of spinal fluid or other body fluids and testing them for the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B and fluconazole, are used to treat the infection. The duration and intensity of treatment depend on the severity of the infection and the individual’s immune status.

Prevention

Preventing cryptococcosis in individuals with HIV involves maintaining a healthy immune system through consistent adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Additionally, avoiding exposure to environments contaminated with bird droppings, such as old buildings or pigeon roosts, can help reduce the risk of infection.

In conclusion, cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection that occurs in individuals with advanced stages of HIV infection. Early detection and treatment, as well as prevention strategies, are crucial in managing this potentially serious illness.

Opportunistic Infections: Mycobacterium Avium Complex

People living with HIV are at a higher risk of developing opportunistic infections and diseases due to their weakened immune system. One such infection is called Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC), which is caused by a group of bacteria called Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare.

MAC typically occurs during the later stages of HIV infection, when the immune system is severely damaged. It is estimated that up to 50% of people with advanced HIV infection will develop MAC at some point.

Who is at risk for MAC? Individuals who have a CD4 cell count below 50 cells/mm³ are most susceptible to developing MAC. Additionally, those who have not started antiretroviral therapy (ART) are also at a higher risk. However, with advances in HIV treatment, the incidence of MAC has decreased significantly.

MAC can affect various organs in the body, including the lungs, intestines, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Symptoms of MAC may include fever, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, and diarrhea. It is important to note that MAC can be present without showing any symptoms.

Treatment for MAC involves a combination of antibiotics, such as clarithromycin and azithromycin, along with ethambutol. The duration of treatment may vary depending on the severity of the infection and individual response to the medications.

To prevent MAC, it is crucial for people living with HIV to adhere to their antiretroviral therapy and maintain a high CD4 cell count. This can help strengthen the immune system and reduce the risk of developing opportunistic infections like MAC.

In conclusion, MAC is an opportunistic infection that primarily affects individuals with advanced HIV infection and a weakened immune system. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and regular monitoring of CD4 cell count can help prevent and manage MAC.

Opportunistic Infections: Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Kaposi’s sarcoma is a type of cancer that is commonly associated with advanced stages of HIV infection. It is caused by a virus called the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).

People who are infected with HIV have a weakened immune system, which makes them more susceptible to opportunistic infections such as Kaposi’s sarcoma. The virus is spread through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplants.

Kaposi’s sarcoma usually presents as purple or brown patches on the skin, but it can also affect other organs such as the lungs, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. The cancer cells grow uncontrollably and can invade nearby tissues, leading to complications and potential life-threatening conditions.

Treatment for Kaposi’s sarcoma typically involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control the HIV infection and chemotherapy to target the cancer cells. In some cases, surgery or radiation therapy may be necessary to remove or shrink tumors.

Regular monitoring and early detection of Kaposi’s sarcoma are crucial for people who are living with HIV, as it can help improve outcomes and prevent further complications. It is important for individuals who have been diagnosed with HIV to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and receive appropriate treatment.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Please consult with a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations.

Opportunistic Infections: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. HIV-positive individuals who are at later stages of infection are at an increased risk of developing NHL.

NHL can manifest itself in various ways, including swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss. It is important for individuals with HIV who are in the later stages of infection to be aware of these symptoms and seek medical attention if they occur.

In individuals with HIV, NHL is classified as an opportunistic infection because it takes advantage of the weakened immune system. It is more likely to occur in individuals with a low CD4 count, which is a measure of the immune system’s strength.

Early detection and treatment of NHL in individuals with HIV is crucial for improving outcomes. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. In some cases, stem cell transplantation may be necessary.

It is important for individuals with HIV to work closely with their healthcare providers to monitor their CD4 count and receive regular screenings for NHL. By staying proactive and maintaining a strong immune system, individuals can reduce their risk of developing opportunistic infections like NHL.

Question and answer:

What are the stages of HIV infection?

The stages of HIV infection are acute HIV infection, clinical latency, and AIDS.

What are the symptoms of acute HIV infection?

The symptoms of acute HIV infection may include fever, headache, muscle aches, rash, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. However, these symptoms can be similar to those of other viral infections, so it’s important to get tested for HIV to confirm the diagnosis.

How long does the clinical latency stage of HIV infection last?

The clinical latency stage of HIV infection can last for several years if the person is not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). With ART, the progression to AIDS can be significantly delayed or even prevented.

What are the symptoms of AIDS?

The symptoms of AIDS can vary, but they often include severe weight loss, chronic diarrhea, prolonged fever, persistent cough, and recurrent infections. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 cell count drops below a certain level, or when certain opportunistic infections or cancers develop.

Is there a cure for HIV?

Currently, there is no cure for HIV. However, with early diagnosis and proper medical care, people with HIV can live long and healthy lives. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment for HIV infection and can suppress the virus, reduce the risk of transmission, and help maintain a strong immune system.

What are the different stages of HIV infection?

There are three main stages of HIV infection: acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. During the acute infection stage, the virus rapidly multiplies and can cause flu-like symptoms. In the clinical latency stage, the virus becomes less active and the person may not experience any symptoms. If left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS, the most advanced stage of the infection.

How can HIV be transmitted?

HIV can be transmitted through certain body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The most common routes of transmission are unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles and syringes, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding. It is important to practice safe sex, use clean needles, and get tested regularly to prevent the spread of HIV.